Department of Civil Engineering

3^rd Semester

Subject-BM&CT

Topic-BUILDINGS AND ITS TYPES

BY

ER. Sulagna Das

(Lecturer, Department of Civil Engineering)

AY:2021-2022

What is Building

• The building is a kind of structure which is built with materials and including with foundation, plinth, walls, floors, roofs, veranda, balcony. For example, houses, factories, shopping malls, hospitals, etc.
• A building aims to give shelter along with security. Other purposes such as buildings serve several needs of society primarily as shelter from the weather, security, living space, privacy, to store belongings, supplied electricity, and to comfortably live and work.

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Buildings and its classification based on occupancy

The building based on occupancy are classified as follows:

• Residential Building
• Educational Building
• Office Building
• Historical Building
• Industrial Building
• Recreational Building
• Commercial Building
• Public Building etc.

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1. Residential Building

• The buildings in which an individual or a family or a group of families reside temporarily or permanently are referred as residential buildings such as flat, cottage, house, bungalow, etc.

2. Educational Building

• The buildings in which education is imparted to the children are referred as Educational Buildings such as school, college, library, coaching center, etc.

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3. Office Building

• The buildings which are used for official purposes by any department such as Income Tax, Telegraph, Telephone, Public health referred as Office Buildings.

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4. Historical Building

• The buildings which indicate the historic importance are referred as Historical Buildings such as Lal Quila, Taj Mahal, Jama Masjid, Qutub Minar, etc

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5. Industrial Building

• The Buildings used for producing industrial goods or products are referred as Industrial Buildings such as factories, workshops, etc.

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6. Recreational Building

• The buildings used for recreation purposes are referred as Recreational Buildings such as cinemas, clubs, swimming, pools, etc.

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7. Commercial Building

• The buildings used for business purposes referred as Commercial Buildings such as shops, stores, banks etc.

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8. Public Building

• The buildings constructed in the interest of the public are referred as Public Buildings such as railway station, bus stands, airport etc.

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Different components of building

• The basic components of a building structure are the foundation, floors, walls, beams, columns, roof, stair, etc. These elements serve the purpose of supporting, enclosing and protecting the building structure.

diagram

1. Roof
1. The roof forms the topmost component of a building structure. It covers the top face of the building. Roofs can be either flat or sloped based on the location and weather conditions of the area.

2. Parapet

• Parapets are short walls extended above the roof slab. Parapets are installed for flat roofs. It acts as a safety wall for people using the roof.

3. Lintels

• Lintels are constructed above the wall openings like doors, windows, etc. These structures support the weight of the wall coming over the opening. Normally, lintels are constructed by reinforced cement concrete.

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4. Beams and slabs

• Beams and slabs form the horizontal members in a building. For a single storey building, the top slab forms the roof. In case of a multi-storey building, the beam transfers the load coming from the floor above the slab which is in turn transferred to the columns.

5. Columns

• Columns are vertical members constructed above the ground level. Column takes the load coming from the slab above and transfers safely to the foundation.
• Damp Proof Course(DPC)

DPC is a layer of waterproofing material applied on the basement level to prevent the rise of surface water into the walls. The walls are constructed over the DPC.

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7. Walls

• Walls are vertical elements which support the roof. It can be made from stones, bricks, concrete blocks, etc. Walls provide an enclosure and protect against wind, sunshine, rain etc. Openings are provided in the walls for ventilation and access to the building.
• Floors

The floor is the surface laid on the plinth level. Flooring can be done by a variety of materials like tiles, granites, marbles, concrete, etc. 

9. Stairs

• A stair is a sequence of steps that connects different floors in a building structure. The space occupied by a stair is called as the stairway. There are different types of stairs like a wooden stair, R.C.C stair etc.

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10. Plinth Beam

• Plinth beam is a beam structure constructed either at or above the ground level to take up the load of the wall coming over it.

11. Plinth

• The plinth is constructed above the ground level. It is a cement-mortar layer lying between the substructure and the superstructure.

12. Foundation

• The Foundation is a structural unit that uniformly distributes the load from the superstructure to the underlying soil. This is the first structural unit to be constructed for any building construction. A good foundation prevents settlement of the building.

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Site Investigation

• Site investigation or Sub-Soil explorations are done for obtaining the information about subsurface conditions at the site proposed for construction.

Objectives

• To know about the order of occurrence of soil and rock strata.
• To know about the location of the groundwater table level and its variations.
• To determine engineering properties of soil.
• To select a suitable type of foundation.
• To find the bearing capacity of the soil.
• To select suitable soil improvement techniques.
• To select suitable construction equipment.
• To forecast problems occurring in foundations and their solutions.

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Site Reconnaissance

• Site reconnaissance is the first stage of site investigation. In this stage, visual inspection of the site is done and information about topographical and geological features of the site are collected. The general observations made in site reconnaissance are as follows:
• Presence of drainage ditches and dumping yards etc.
• Location of groundwater table by observing well in that site.
• High flood level marks on the bridges, high rise buildings, etc. are observed.
• Presence of vegetation and nature of the soil.
• Past records of landslides, floods, shrinkage cracks, etc. of that region.

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Site Exploration

• The investigation and testing of the surface, subsoil, and any obstruction at a site to obtain the full information necessary for designing a complete structure with its foundations.

The purpose of site exploration is

• To fix the value of the safe bearing capacity of soil.
• To select an economical yet safe type of foundation.
• To fix the depth up to which the foundation must be taken inside the ground.
• To know the underground water level and if needed, to decide upon the method to be adopted to solve the ground water problem.