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EARTH’S INTERLOCKING SYSTEMS

Chapter 2

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THE EARTH AND ITS FORCES

Chapter 2, Section 1

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INTERNAL FORCES SHAPING THE WORLD

  • Earth is one of eight planets.

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  • The Earth’s circumference is 24,900 miles.
    • About 40,000 Km

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  • It’s diameter is 7,900 miles.
    • About 12,700 Km

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EARTH’S LAYERS

  • It is about 3,900 miles to the Earth’s Center.
    • About 6,300 Km

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  • The Earth is made of five different layers.

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EARTH’S LAYERS

Crust

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EARTH’S LAYERS

  • The Earth’s Crust is 3-5 Miles (8 Km) thick under the oceans, and about 25 miles (32 Km) under the continents.

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  • Temperature may be 1,600° F (870 ° C) to air temperature

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  • The crust contains the ocean floor and continents.

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  • It is broken into many pieces called plates.

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EARTH’S LAYERS

Mantle

Crust

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EARTH’S LAYERS

  • The Mantel is the largest layer about 1800 miles (2,900 Km) thick.

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  • Temperature may be 9,000-12,000° Fahrenheit
    • 5,000 – 6,600 Celsius

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  • Begins about 4,000 miles below the Crust and is about 800 miles thick.
    • 6,400 Km below, about 1300 Km thick.

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EARTH’S LAYERS

Outer Core

Mantle

Crust

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EARTH’S LAYERS

  • The Outer Core is made of liquid iron and nickel.

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  • Temperature may be 4,000-9,000° Fahrenheit
    • 2,200 – 5,000 Celsius

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  • Begins about 1,800 miles below the Crust and is about 1,400 miles thick.
    • 2,900 Km below, about 2,300 Km thick.

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EARTH’S LAYERS

Inner Core

Outer Core

Mantle

Crust

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EARTH’S LAYERS

  • The Inner Core is made of solid iron and nickel.

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  • Temperature may be 9,000-12,000° Fahrenheit
    • 5,000 – 6,600 Celsius

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  • Begins about 4,000 miles below the Crust and is about 800 miles thick.
    • 6,400 Km below, about 1300 Km thick.

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EARTH’S LAYERS

  • Atmosphere is the fifth layer.

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  • It also can be broken down into various layers. (Won’t be on the test.)

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TECTONIC PLATES

  • Plate movements, earthquakes, and active volcanoes are internal forced that change the landscape of the earth.

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TECTONIC PLATES

  • There are four different types of plate movement.

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    • Spreading (divergent) – plates are pushed apart.
    • Diving (subduction) – heavier plate is pushed under lighter plates.
    • Colliding (Convergent) – plate edges bend and fold.
    • Sliding (Transform) – plates slide past each other.

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CONTINENTAL DRIFT THEORY

  • Theory developed by Alfred Wegener.

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  • He believed all the continents were part of a supercontinent called Pangaea.

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EXTREME EVENTS

  • Earthquakes – sudden movement of the Earth’s crust.
    • May also be triggered by a volcano.

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  • A volcano is an opening in the Earth’s crust from which molten rock, ash, and hot gases flow.

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  • Most of the Earth’s active volcanoes around the rim of the Pacific Ocean called the “Ring of Fire.”

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EXTERNAL FORCES SHAPING THE EARTH

  • External Forces also shape the Earth.

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  • Two main external forces are
    • Weathering – gradual physical and chemical breakdown of rocks near or on the Earth’s surface.
    • Erosion – wearing away and movement of weathered materials from one place to another by water, wind, and ice.

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EXTERNAL FORCES SHAPING THE EARTH

  • Erosion creates sediment.
    • Can be sand, stone, and silt.

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  • Waves, wind, and glaciers cause erosion.

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HOMEWORK

  • Read P. 27 - 33

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  • Answer #2-8

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