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EDUCATION IN THE MODERN INDIA

DR.ARULSELVI V

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF EDUCATION

SRI SARADA COLLEGE OF EDUCATION (AUTONOMOUS)

SALEM-16

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The East India Company (1600-1947)

  • Need help from some educated Indians in the administration of the land.
  • to understand the local customs and laws well.
    • Warren Hastings established the Calcutta Madrassa in 1781 for the teaching of Muslim law and subjects.
    • In 1791, a Sanskrit College was started in Varanasi by Jonathan Duncan for the study of Hindu philosophy and laws.
    • The missionaries supported the spread of Western education in India.
    • The Indian reformers believed that to keep up with times, a modern educational system was needed to spread rational thinking and scientific principles.

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  • The Charter Act of 1813 
  • The act sanctioned a sum of Rs.1 lakh towards the education of Indians in British ruled India.
  • promoting the knowledge of modern science in India.
  • Controversy between Orientalists and Anglicists.
    • Indigenous education at the beginning of 19th century.
    • on the promotion of modern western studies or on the expansion of traditional Indian learning.
    • Medium of instruction
    • controversies were settled in 1835 when Lord William Bentinck applied English medium.

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MACAULAY’S OBSERVATION

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MACAULAY’S MINUTES 1835

  • English Should be the medium of instruction-higher level as it is the best vehicle of thought and exhibition.
  • The oriental Law institutions should be closed down and all the law book in Arabic, Persian and Sanskrit should be translated to English.
  • The grants given to the oriental institution should be stopped in diverted to the opening of new English school.
  • All the grants given for education should be utilized for the spread of European literature and science.
  • Down filtration theory-education not meant for the masses but for the learned and efficient few in India.

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WOOD’S DESPATCH : 1854-MAGNA CARTA OF MODERN EDUCATION IN INDIA

  • The aim of English education in India should be importing of Western Knowledge and its material blessing, promotion of intellectual and moral character.
  • Inclusion of Oriental languages of Sanskrit, Arabic & Persian along with western language.
  • Indian education must be the duty and responsibility of the British government.
  • Indian languages as the medium of instruction.
  • Administrative setup for education-department of public instruction.

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  • Establishment of universities.
  • Expansion of mass education
  • Recommended a granted system of institution starting with Primary school, middle school, High school, Colleges and universities.
  • Solution to unemployment: vocational education.
  • Training of teachers

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HUNTER COMMISSION ON EDUCATION -1882

  • Primary education
    • Education of the masses.
    • Train the people for self-dependence.
    • Medium of instruction-mother tongue.
    • Appointment of teachers by district authority approved by Government.
    • Spread of primary education to Tribal and backward people-responsibility of the Government.
    • Normal schools with simple , economical infrastructure.

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SECONDARY EDUCATION

  • Administrative reform
    • Government should withdraw from the field of secondary education.
    • Expansion of secondary education entrusted to private enterprise.
    • Government should sanction Grant-in-aid to improve S E.
    • Qualitative improvement
      • Curriculum bifurcated as A course & B course
      • A course for higher study
      • B course for practical-commercial and non-literary studies.
      • Favour English at high school level.
      • Fees must be low by grant-in-aid schools

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SERGEANT REPORT OF EDUCATION-1944

  • pre-primary education for children between 3 to 6 years of age.
  • Universal, compulsory and free primary basic education for all children
  • Basic schools -ages 6—11 (junior basic) and 11—14 (senior basic).
  • 1:30 teacher student ratio at junior basic /1:25 teacher student ratio at senior basic
  • Internal & external examinations
  • Provisions for physical education
  • Mother tongue
  • Trained teachers in schools
  • Suitable courses for girls

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  • High schools-academic and technical curriculum
  • Degree course for three years
  • Tutorial system to be widely extended
  • Adequate financial assistance
  • University grants commission to be set up
  • Employment bureaus
  • Administration of education

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THANK YOU