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Dynamical System Modeling and Stability Investigation�DSMSI-2025

May 08-10, 2025, Kyiv, Ukraine

Software-based modeling and performance analysis of hybrid IoT networks for agricultural monitoring

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Oleksandr Zhabko Dnipro University of Technology, Dnipro, Ukraine

Grygorii Diachenko Dnipro University of Technology, Dnipro, Ukraine

Oleksandr Vovna Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine

Volodymyr Kremnov Dnipro University of Technology, Dnipro, Ukraine

Oleksii Bychkov Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine

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Introduction

  • Modern agriculture is becoming increasingly technology-driven, relying on IoT and sensor networks for monitoring.
  • No single wireless technology is sufficient to meet all agro-monitoring requirements.
  • 5G offers ultra-high speed but consumes more power, while ZigBee is low-power but has limited range.
  • This study proposes a hybrid IoT network combining 5G, LTE, Wi-Fi, and ZigBee.
  • The network is simulated using NS-3, and speed, latency, energy use, and resilience are analyzed.
  • It is aimed to demonstrate how hybrid networking can be used to support reliable and efficient smart farming systems.

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Objective

  • The objective is to develop and simulate a hybrid IoT network tailored for agricultural applications.
  • Using NS-3, we recreated real-world wireless interactions involving 5G, LTE, Wi-Fi, and ZigBee.
  • Attention was focused on key performance indicators, including transmission speed, delay, power usage, and connectivity stability.
  • Scenarios included LTE-to-Wi-Fi handover, ZigBee sensor routing via LTE, and drone control over 5G.
  • The outcome helps optimize network design for various farming conditions.
  • This research supports the development of scalable, energy-aware IoT systems in agriculture.

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Methodology

  • The simulation was conducted in NS-3, modeling realistic agro-environmental layouts.
  • The network included base stations (5G, LTE), routers (Wi-Fi), and low-power ZigBee sensors.
  • Each technology was configured with specific bandwidth, frequency, and energy parameters.
  • Scenarios tested dynamic switching, latency under load, and energy consumption.
  • Data on throughput, delay, and power use were collected and visualized through logs and graphs.
  • This setup enables detailed performance evaluation without real-world deployment costs.

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Network simulation diagram

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Simulated scenarios

Dynamical System Modeling and Stability Investigation, DSMSI-2025

Scenario

Description

1

Interaction between LTE and Wi-Fi: switching from LTE to �Wi-Fi when a device enters the Wi-Fi coverage area to reduce mobile network load and improve energy efficiency

2

Integration of Zigbee with LTE/5G: data transfer from sensors via Zigbee to hubs connected to LTE or 5G, considering energy consumption and latency

3

Use of 5G for real-time monitoring and autonomous control: ensuring stable connections for controlling drones and robots over large agricultural areas

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Network testing stages

Dynamical System Modeling and Stability Investigation, DSMSI-2025

Testing stage

Description

Parameter setup

Definition of key performance metrics such as data transmission speed, latency, packet loss, and energy consumption

Data collection

Logging data from network devices to assess the quality of transmission and connection stability under different conditions

Technology transition management

Testing scenarios for switching between technologies based on signal strength, network load, or energy efficiency, allowing the network to adapt to changing conditions

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Results

  • The simulation results show distinct trade-offs across the technologies:
    • 5G provides high speed (up to 1.5 Gbps) and low latency (5 ms), but with high power usage (6 W).
    • ZigBee is ultra-low power (0.05 W) but has limited speed (~20 Kbps) and high latency.
    • LTE and Wi-Fi offer moderate performance in both range and speed.
  • The hybrid model improves reliability and efficiency by dynamically switching technologies based on availability and performance.

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Results

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Dynamical System Modeling and Stability Investigation, DSMSI-2025

Metric

5G

LTE

Wi-Fi

Zigbee

Data transmission speed (Mbps)

High (up to 1000 Mbps)

Moderate (up to 300 Mbps)

Moderate (up to 150 Mbps)

Low (up to 1 Mbps)

Latency (ms)

Low (<10 ms)

Moderate (20-50 ms)

Low to Moderate (10-30 ms)

High (over 100 ms)

Coverage area (m)

Wide area (several km, urban/rural)

Wide area (up to several km)

Local area (up to 100-200 m)

Short range (10-100 m, ideal for sensors)

Energy consumption

Moderate (with adaptive power management)

High (requires robust power sources)

Moderate to high (depends on device usage)

Very low (optimized for sensor networks)

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Results

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Discussion

  • Hybrid networks offer significant advantages for agro-monitoring in variable field conditions.
  • Dynamic switching between technologies ensures stable connectivity and optimized power usage.
  • Using ZigBee for low-data sensor transmissions extends device battery life.
  • Although simulations do not account for weather or physical obstacles, they provide valuable insights.
  • The results confirm the value of hybrid solutions as adaptable, scalable, and energy-conscious communication systems.

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Conclusion

  • Hybrid IoT networks combining 5G, LTE, Wi-Fi, and ZigBee present a practical solution for precision agriculture.
  • They balance speed, range, and energy efficiency better than any single technology.
  • It is shown by our simulation that this architecture can enhance both operational stability and sustainability.
  • Future work should include real-world deployment and larger-scale simulations with environmental factors.
  • Hybrid networks represent a key step toward smarter, greener, and more data-driven agriculture.

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Thank you for your attention