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Experiencing M I S

Tenth Edition

Chapter 5

Database Processing

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“The tricky part is getting the computer to correctly identify the inventory item.”

eHermes is using Google’s image classifier A P I to identify images that customers upload.
Costs a few dollars per 1000 images searched
Need new data storage
Need redesigned database
Need new D B M S
Will be sending and receiving data from multiple data sources
MongoD B for tracking image files?

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Study Questions

5.1 Why do you need to know about databases?

5.2 What is a database?

5.3 What is a database management system (D B M S)?

5.4 How do database applications make databases more useful?

5.5 How can eHermes benefit from a database system?

5.6 What are nontraditional D B M S products?

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Why Use a Database?

5.1 Why do you need to know about databases?

Can database technology facilitate your project goals?
Databases are ubiquitous in commerce.
How to turn data into useful information.
Business adaptation requires changing database structure.
As a future business professional, you might need to build a database.

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What is the Purpose of a Database?

5.1 Why do you need to know about databases?

Organize and keep track of things.
Keep track of multiple themes.
General rule:

Single theme—store in a spreadsheet.
Multiple themes—use a database.
What’s a theme?

E x: student grades, student emails, student office visits.

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A List of Student Grades Presented in a Spreadsheet – Single Theme

5.1 Why do you need to know about databases?

Figure 5.1 A List of Student Grades Presented in a Spreadsheet

Source: Microsoft Excel 2019

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Student Data Form for a Database Application

5.1 Why do you need to know about databases?

Figure 5.2 Student Data Shown in a Form from a Database

Source: Microsoft Access 2019

Forms are difficult, if not impossible, to produce with a spreadsheet, but are easily produced with a database.

Long Description:

The screenshot shows a window titled, “Student” divided into three sections. The first section at the top shows the following data:��Line 1. Student Name: BAKER, ANDREA�Line 2. Student Number: 1325�Line 3. HW1: 88�Line 4. HW2: 100�Line 5. Mid Term: 78��The second section at the middle is titled, “Email.” It shows the “Date” and “Message” in two different columns. The data given in the second section is as follows:��Line 1. Date: 2/1/2025; Message: For homework 1, do you want us to provide notes on our ref.�Line 2. Date: 3/15/2025; Message: My group consists of Swee Lau and Stuart Nelson.��The third section at the bottom is titled, “Office visits.” It shows “Date” and “Notes” in two different columns. The data given in the third section is as follows:��Line 1. Date: 2/13/2025; Note: Andrea had questions about using IS for raising barriers to entry.

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What is a Database?

5.2 What is a database?

Figure 5.3 Student Table (also called a file)

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Hierarchy of Data Elements

5.2 What is a database?

Figure 5.4 Hierarchy of Data Elements

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Components of a Database

5.2 What is a database?

Figure 5.5 Components of a Database

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Example of Relationships Among Rows

5.2 What is a database?

Figure 5.6 Example of Relationships Among Rows

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Sample of Access Metadata

5.2 What is a database?

Figure 5.7 Sample Metadata (in Access)

Source: Microsoft Access 2019

Microsoft Access example of metadata for the Email table. Metadata makes a database self-describing.

Long Description:

The window is titled “EMAIL.” It shows three columns labeled “Field Name,” “Data Type,” and “Description (Optional).” Four field names include email number, date, message, and student number. The data type includes auto number, date or time, long text, and number. The description for the email number is “primary key – values provided by access”, for a date is the date and time the message is recorded, for the message is the text of the email, and for the student, the number is a foreign key to row in the student table. Below is the “Field Properties” with a text at the bottom-right that reads, “A field name can be up to 64 characters long, including spaces. Press F1 for help on field names.” Below are two tabs for general and lookup. The data under the general tab include format (short date), input mask (99 slash 99 slash 0000 semicolon 0 semicolon hashtag), caption, the default value (equal to now parenthesis), validation rule, validation text, required (yes), indexed (no), I M E mode (no control), IME sentence mode (none), text-align (general) and shows date picker (for dates).

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Database Management System (D B M S)

5.3 What is a database management system (D B M S)?

Functions of a D B M S

Creating the Database and its structures
Processing the database
Administering the database

Licensed from vendors

I B M, Microsoft, Oracle, and others.

D B 2, Access, S Q L Server, Oracle Database.

Open source

My S Q L: License-free for most applications.

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Processing the Database (1 of 2)

5.3 What is a database management system (D B M S)?

Creating the database (see form in Figure 5.7)
Modifying the database structure (see Figure 5.8)
D B M S Process Operations

Read
Insert
Modify
Delete data

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Adding a New Column to a Table (in Access)

5.3 What is a database management system (D B M S)?

Figure 5.8 Adding a New Column to a Table (in Access)

Source: Microsoft Access 2019

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Processing the Database (2 of 2)

5.3 What is a database management system (D B M S)?

Structured Query Language—S Q L (see-quell)

International standard
Used by nearly all D B M S

S Q L Example
INSERT INTO Student ([Student Number], [Student Name], H W 1, H W 2, MidTerm)
VALUES (1000, ‘Franklin, Benjamin’, 90, 95, 100);

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Administering the Database

5.3 What is a database management system (D B M S)?

Set up security system, user accounts, passwords, permissions, limits for processing.
Limit user permissions.
Back up database, improve performance of database applications, remove unwanted data.

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Summary of Database Administration Tasks (1 of 2)

5.3 What is a database management system (D B M S)?

Figure 5.9 Summary of Database Administration (D B A) Tasks

Long Description:

The details of Database Administration Task and Description for the following categories are respectively as follows:�Development: �• Create and staff DBA function; Size of the DBA group depends on the size and complexity of the database. Groups range from one part-time person to a small group.�• Form steering committee; Consists of representatives of all user groups. Forum for community-wide discussions and decisions.�• Specify requirements; Ensure that all appropriate user input is considered.�• Validate data model; Check data model for accuracy and completeness.�• Evaluate application design; Verify that all necessary forms, reports, queries, and applications are developed. Validate design and usability of application components.��Operation:�• Manage processing rights and responsibilities; Determine processing rights/restrictions on each table and column.�• Manage security; Add and delete users and user groups as necessary; ensure that the security system works.�• Track problems and manage resolution; Develop a system to record and manage the resolution of problems.�• Monitor database performance; Provide expertise/solutions for performance improvements.�• Manage DBMS; Evaluate new features and functions.��Backup and Recovery:�• Conduct training; Ensure that users and operations personnel know and understand recovery procedures.�• Manage recovery; Manage recovery process.��Adaptation:�• Set up request tracking system; Develop system to record and prioritize requests for change.�• Manage configuration change; Manage the impact of database structure changes on applications and users.

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Forms, Queries, Reports, and Applications

5.4 How do database applications make databases more useful?

Four elements of a database application	Purposes
Forms	View data; insert new, update existing, delete existing data.
Reports	Structured presentation of data using sorting, grouping, filtering, other operations.
Queries	Search using values provided by user.
Application programs	Provide security, data consistency, special purpose processing, e.g., handle out-of-stock situations.

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Users Accessing Databases

5.4 How do database applications make databases more useful?

Figure 5.10 Processing Environment of a Traditional Database Application System

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Example of a Student Report

5.4 How do database applications make databases more useful?

Figure 5.11 Example of a Student Report

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Query Example

5.4 How do database applications make databases more useful?

Figure 5.12a Sample Query Form Used to Enter Phrase for Search

Source: Microsoft Corporation

Figure 5.12b Sample Query Results of Query Operation

Source: Microsoft Access 2019

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Browser Forms, Reports, Queries, and Applications

5.4 How do database applications make databases more useful?

Figure 5.13 Processing Environment of Browser-Based Database Applications

Traditional database applications programs, written in object-oriented languages such as C++ and VisualBasic, and even COBOL, are thick applications.
In some cases, all application logic is contained program on users’ computers and server does nothing except run the DBMS and serve up data.
In others, some application code is placed on both users’ computers and database server computer.

Long Description:

The illustration shows the users’ browsers connected over the Internet to a Web server computer, which in turn is connected to a database server computer. The web server has applications with both client-and server-side code like “Application Program A,” “Application Program B,” “Application Program C,” and “Application Program D.”�The applications code pointing toward the browser are html5, css3, and JavaScript and the applications code pointing toward DBMS are Chashtag, Java, and Node dot js JavaScript.

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Account Creation Browser Form

5.4 How do database applications make databases more useful?

Figure 5.14 Account Creation Browser Form

Source: Microsoft Corporation

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Browser Report

5.4 How do database applications make databases more useful?

Figure 5.15 Browser Report for SharePoint Site

Source: Microsoft Corporation

The content is dynamic; almost all of the items can be clicked to produce other reports or take other actions. The user can search in the box in the upper-right-hand corner to find specific items.

Long Description:

The screenshot shows the browser report window titled, “SharePoint.” It shows a search bar on the top, followed by the following options.��• Home�• Planning Documents�• Still contents (Selected)�• Documents�• Pages�• Recycle Bin�• Edit��The center part of the window is labeled “MIS books,” and shows the following options arranged on a horizontal bar.��• New�• Site Usage�• Site workflows�• Site settings�• Recycle bin��It further shows two tabs, “Contents” and “Subsites,” with the content displaying the following information under three different columns labeled “Name,” “Type,”, “Items” and data of modification.�Each of the above content has specific icons that are clickable.�

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A Database System at eHermes

5.5 How can eHermes benefit from a database system?

Speed up the process of inventorying new items received from sellers.

“Can we add a new item’s entry in our database using a photo and Google’s image classifier to recognize the item, search for product information from multiple sources, and complete the database entry?”

Choices

Store images on a file server and keep metadata about each image in a relational database to query with S Q L.
Use No S Q L Mongo D B to store images in same database as the metadata.

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eHermes Chooses Option 1

5.5 How can eHermes benefit from a database system?

Use Microsoft S Q L Server to store metadata.
Less risky: uses known technology.
Creates E-R diagram.
Decide to keep design simple at first.

Figure 5.16 E-R Diagram for eHermes’ Database

Long Description:

The illustration shows four boxes titled, “Customer,” “Item,” “Mobile Store,” and “Classified products.” The first three boxes are interconnected to each other and the fourth box is connected to the second box. The first box has the heading “Customer ID” and shows the following information.��• First Name�• Last underscore Name�• Phone�• Email��The second box has the heading “Item ID” and shows the following information.��• Condition�• Date Received�• List Price�• Seller Type��The third box has the heading “Mobile ID” and shows the following information.��• Year Built�• Max Weight�• Date Serviced�• Effective Range��The fourth box has the heading “Classified Products I D” and shows the following information.��• Manufacturer�• Description�• Size�• Model Number�

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Nontraditional D B M S Products

5.6 What are nontraditional D B M S products?

Relational model is not needed today

Need to store new data types differently

Atomic, Consistent, Isolated, Durable transactions
Critical to traditional commercial applications
New Internet applications (Twitter) don’t need A C I D

NoS Q L (nonrelational) D B M S

D B M S products that support high transaction rates, simple data structures, replicated on many servers in the cloud, without A C I D transaction support.

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Need for Faster Processing Using Many Servers

5.6 What are nontraditional D B M S products?

Dynamo

Amazon-developed nonrelational data store

Bigtable

Google-developed nonrelational data store

Cassandra

Facebook-developed using concepts from both Dynamo and Bigtable

Top-Level Project (T L P)

Open-source Cassandra by Apache

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New Categories of D B M S

5.6 What are nontraditional D B M S products?

New S Q L D B M S

Process very high levels of transactions, like No S Q L D B M S, but provide A C I D support.
May or may not support relational model.
Current hotbed of development.

In-memory D B M S using S Q L extension

S A P H A N A, Tableau.
High volume A C I D transaction support with complex relational query processing.

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Will These New Products Replace the Relational Model?

5.6 What are nontraditional D B M S products?

Probably not.

Conversion enormously expensive and disruptive
No S Q L D B M S products very technical and require a deep background in computer science to use

No S Q L’s impact on D B M S product market?

Database software market experience viable new entrants

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What Do Nonrelational D B M S Mean for You?

5.6 What are nontraditional D B M S products?

What do nonrelational D B M S mean for you?

Knowledge is useful—stay abreast of developments
Watch nonrelational D B M S product developments from an investor’s perspective
New opportunities and career paths will develop around nonrelational databases
Use knowledge to separate yourself from competition when it comes to job interviews

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How does the knowledge in this chapter help you?

Understand purpose of a database and ways databases are processed
Know about new categories of nontraditional D B M S
This knowledge will enable you to be an effective team member when your organization has needs like those at eHermes

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Slick Analytics (1 of 2)

So What?

C I O s are looking to merge the storage and analysis of cloud-based data into one synergistic operation.
Laredo Petroleum.

Old approach used numerous spreadsheets and manual calculations.
Value of data diminished due to the time it took to analyze the data.
New approach uses cloud storage and cloud analytics.

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Slick Analytics (2 of 2)

So What?

C I O s are looking to merge the storage and analysis of cloud-based data into one synergistic operation.
Laredo Petroleum.

Old approach used numerous spreadsheets and manual calculations.
Value of data diminished due to the time it took to analyze the data.
New approach uses cloud storage and cloud analytics.

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Don’t Reuse That Password

Security Guide

Today, we are asked/motivated to create accounts on all sorts of web sites so that we get all the cool features offered
People routinely reuse passwords as they create these accounts. Why?
What risks are we exposed to when passwords are reused across multiple accounts?
What options exist to avoid these problems?
How can people be motivated to use these options?

GOALS

Set up a realistic situation that raises important security issues. Ask students what they think should be done.

Questions:

1. Think about your own password reuse behavior. Do you reuse passwords for your own personal accounts? If so, has the scenario provided in this article changed your perception of password reuse so that you will avoid doing so in the future?

2. As a follow-up to question 1, have you ever had to create an account for an employer, and did you reuse a password for that account? If not, was it because you recognized the potential risk to your employer if one of your personal accounts was breached? Did this act as a deterrent that was not present for you to try to protect yourself?

3. The article mentions keystroke analysis as a way to detect and ultimately prevent password reuse. How do you think the evaluation of someone’s typing behavior could be used to identify password reuse?

4. How does password reuse compare or contrast to physical use of the same key for every door that you have to open over the course of a week? Think about the

implications of losing that one key that opens all of your physical doors.

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Data Engineer

Career Guide

Kailey Smith at Extend

Q. What attracted you to this field?

A. “I've always enjoyed working with computers and figuring things out, but after taking my first information systems course…I was sold. This is a field that will be growing and expanding with new and exciting opportunities. There are so many different areas to explore, and you can definitely be paid pretty well!”

Q. What advice would you give to someone who is considering working in your field?

A. “Keep an open mind. Try out new things. When I was in school, I was focused on the security side of things because it sounded more exciting, but I ended up working more on the data side. Figure out what really excites you, but the more you learn, the more opportunities will open up to you.”

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Searching for Clues, and Your Face

Ethics Guide

Law enforcement has a photo of an unknown suspect in a murder case.
A company offers a database of facial images that can be matched, potentially providing a way to identify the suspect.
The facial image database has been compiled from publicly available images on the Internet, without the permission of any of the individuals
Should the database be used to help solve the crime?

GOALS

Set up a realistic situation that raises important ethical issues. Ask students what they think should be done.

Questions:

Evaluate Detective Millett’s predicament and assume that he chose to buy access to PureSite’s services to aid in solving the crime.

a. Is this behavior ethical according to the categorial imperative (Chapter 1, page 23 ) ?

b. Is this behavior ethical according to the utilitarian perspective (Chapter 2, page 51 ) ?

2. How do you personally feel about the high likelihood that images of you or other data about you are stored in corporate databases like PureSite’s archive?

3. Does your response to question 2 change if you consider that PureSite is charging money and making a profit from using data linked to you and countless others while you receive no benefit?

4. If you knew the victim of a crime and law enforcement was trying to decide whether to use the PureSite platform to help solve the case, would you want them to do so?

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Active Review

5.1 Why do you need to know about databases?

5.2 What is a database?

5.3 What is a database management system (D B M S)?

5.4 How do database applications make databases more useful?

5.5 How can eHermes benefit from a database system?

5.6 What are nontraditional D B M S products?

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Datadog

Case Study 5

Cloud computing is widespread among all types of organizations
Datadog provides a tool that allows real-time monitoring and data analysis for cloud operations.
Datadog has experienced rapid growth and is a market leader.
Can Datadog maintain its historical performance in a market that may be approaching saturation?
What do you think about Datadog’s future prospects?

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Copyright

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