Fire Prevention and Protection

What is a Fire?

It is a chemical reaction caused by the interaction of three components

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These are;

• OXYGEN
• HEAT
• FUEL

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Take any component away and fire cannot survive

Mechanics of Fire

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In order to start a fire you need to have the right mixture of Oxygen, Fuel plus needed Heat. People need at least 19 % of oxygen in the air to live. Fire only needs 16 %.

GAS

LIQUID

SOLID

Temperature

Eliminating Fire

• Cooling – by lowering the temperature
• Smothering – by depriving of Oxygen
• Starvation – by removing the source of fuel

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COOLING

SMOTHERING

STARVATION

NO FIRE

• Direct contact - in their early stage, fires spread most entirely by contact of flame to combustible object
• Conduction – transferred of heat through solid materials

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The Spread of Fire

The Spread of Fire

• Convection – transferred of heat by air movement, hot air rises due to reduced density
• Radiation – heat transferred from one surface to another across the space

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Fire Fighting Equipment

• Fire Extinguishers
• Fire Hoses
• Fire Hydrants
• Fire Blanket
• Fire Nozzles
• Sprinklers
• Etc…

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CLASS - A - Wood, Paper, Textiles, Rubber, Plastic, Rope,etc,.Extinguish with water to cool the material which is burning.

CLASS - B - Flammable Liquids, Combustible Liquids, Greases. Extinguish liquid fires with foam or dry powder.

CLASS - C - GAS Fire.

Flammable gases - LPG, Acetylene.

Extinguish gas fires by shutting off the gas supply.

CLASSIFICATIONS OF FIRE & IDENTIFICATION

OF FIRE EXTINGUISHERS

Fire Detection

• Heat Detector

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• Smoke Detector

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• Flame Detector

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• Heated Surfaces (Machine etc…)
• Cloth, News paper on hot surfaces
• Faulty Machinery’s Electrical fittings, etc…
• Sparks (grinding. Welding. Cutting.
• Electrical Overloading/Heating
• Impact sparks (tools falling down to tank, etc…)
• Static Electricity
• Spontaneous Combustion
• Cigarettes

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Sources of Ignition

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Locate the FIRE

Learn of its size, Location, combustibles involved.

Inform

Sound the Alarm - even if the Fire Appears Small Shout FIRE! FIRE! , Instruct someone to sound alarm.

Restrict the FIRE

By Closing Door, Isolating Fuel , electrical Supply and Closing Ventilation. Use Boundary cooling.

Extinguish the FIRE

By using the correct type and quantity of fighting media.

Basic Fire Fighting

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• Fight the fire only if you have adequate means of escape.
• Do not fight a fire if gas cylinders are involved. Keep your distance.
• If a fire is too big (cannot be put out by a portable fire extinguisher) back away. Try to contain fire.
• Remove any combustible material around fire if possible.
• Give the location of incident, type, size of fire to Fire Warden or Fireman

Fighting the Fire

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• On hearing the alarm, leave the building through the nearest safe exit.
• Last person to, leave must close all doors, windows, isolate power. Shut off A.C. units.
• Proceed to assembly point.
• Do not re-enter building - Never under estimate the speed at which smoke fire can spread.
• Do not use lifts.
• Do not re-enter until the all clear has been given.

• Familiarise yourself with all emergency exit arrows.

Evacuation Procedure

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Smoking

Laundry & wet clothing

• Smoke only in authorised areas.
• Use proper ashtrays.
• Ensure Matches and cigarette

ends properly stubbed out.

• Proper warning notice to be placed.
• Do not smoke in bed.

• Do not place clothes over heaters, radiators, etc.
• Clothes should be placed in a designated area.

Safe Practices

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• Only authorised persons should interfere with electrical fittings.
• Do not use personal electrical appliances.
• Faulty fittings and wiring must be reported.
• All electrical fittings must be firmly secured.
• Make shift plugs, sockets and fuses should not be used.
• Circuit should not be overloaded.
• All portable electrical appliances should be disconnected after use.
• Drying clothes on electrical heaters are prohibited

Electrical and other fittings

Safe Practices

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• Always keep the area clean. Prevent oil leakage, remove combustible materials.
• Use container for cotton waste, cleaning rags, oil rags, etc…
• Wood, paints, spirits, oil and other combustible objects/substances should not be kept in machinery space.
• All electrical wiring should be well maintained / insulated.

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Machinery Spaces

Safe Practices

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Galleys

• Avoid overheating or spilling of fats or oil
• Ensure burners or heating plates are shut off when cooking is finished
• Ensure necessary fire fighting equipment is available (familiarize with its location)
• Galley exhaust must be properly maintained

Hot Work

Safe Practices

• Obtain necessary HOT WORK Permit before starting the hot work
• Ensure Gas test is carried out in hazardous location
• Ensure no combustible materials nearby

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• See that you know what to do in case of fire.
• Make certain you know your escape.
• Keep fire doors and shutters clear and unobstructed.
• Don’t obstruct access to fire extinguishers: learn how to use.
• Don’t hang clothing over or near heating equipment.
• Don’t let paper, oily rags or other rubbish accumulate.
• Do not smoke in prohibited areas.

Important Safety Tips

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• Use approved safety can for carrying flammable liquids, not open tins or buckets.
• Handle flammable liquids at a safe distance from possible sources of ignition.
• Check before and after using blow lamps, welding and cutting equipment.
• Soldering irons and gas rings must be non-combustible stands.
• Switch off from the mains any electrical equipment when not in use.

Important Safety Tips