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The man who moves a mountain begins by carrying away small stones. – Confucius

Good Day

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Welcome

Introduction to LINUX

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What we are going to learn today ?

In today’s session the following topics are to be discussed :

  1. What is LINUX ?
  2. About Operating Systems.
  3. Operations done by OS.
  4. Classification Of OS.
  5. Uses of OS.
  6. Example of OS.
  7. Problems faced in IT Field.
  8. Types of Software and explanation.
  9. Origin of LINUX.
  10. Linux Kernel.
  11. Linux features.
  12. Linux Distributions.
  13. Linux Opportunities.

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What is LINUX ?

  • Linux is a family of open-source Unix-like operating systems based on the Linux kernel, an operating system kernel first released on September 17, 1991, by Linus Trovalds. Linux is typically packaged in a Linux distribution.
  • It is an OS that has established a firm presence in industry, for the deployment of business-oriented as well as other common applications.
  • It is used in a variety of hardware platforms.

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About Operating Systems

  • Computer is an electronic device capable of performing several computing and mathematical operations.
  • So to perform the above and other operations through computer we have system software.
  • An operating system (OS) is system software that manages computer hardware, software resources, and provides common services for computer programs.
  • This makes working of computer easy.

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Operations done by OS.

  1. Controls the operations of the CD drive.
  2. Enables the use of modems and other peripherals connected to the computer.
  3. Creates and copies files and folders.
  4. Runs applications.

In other words OS performs these operations:

  1. File management
  2. Memory management
  3. Device management
  4. Process management

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Classification Of OS

Classification of OS is based on :

  1. Ability
  2. Area of use
  3. Working of environment
  4. The like

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Classification Of OS(Contd…)

Some of the classification of OS are:

  1. Real time operating system
  2. Server operating system
  3. Single user operating system
  4. Multi user operating system

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Uses of OS

Operating system are used in

  1. Mobile phones
  2. PDA(Personal Digital Assistants)
  3. Music players
  4. Game consoles
  5. Digital camera

And several other gadgets……..

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Example of OS

Other examples of OS are:

  1. UNIX
  2. WINDOWS
  3. SOLARIS
  4. MAC
  5. ANDROID

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Problems faced in IT Field

IT solutions are required to satisfy their different need. It is quite natural that the a single solution provider cannot produce all the needed solution. Due to this , IT environments of today have become complex with different solution from different vendors.

This is leading to different issues related to difficulties in:

  1. Cross platform compatibility
  2. Data integration
  3. Sharing of objects between application
  4. Single sign on facility.

This is solved by different forms of softwares

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Types of Software

  1. Free software
  2. Freeware
  3. Open source
  4. Proprietary types

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FREE SOFTWARE

  • Free software (or libre software) is computer software distributed under terms that allow users to run the software for any purpose as well as to study, change, and distribute it and any adapted versions.
  • For example : GNU

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Freeware

  • Freeware softwares are the type of softwares that are copyrighted ones and given for by their owner.
  • These are available for free , the owner has copyright , which means we do not have rights to modify anything in the software.
  • So these softwares permit redistribution but not modification.
  • For example : MySql

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Open source

  • Open source software is created by generous programmers and released into public domain for public use.
  • The underlying programming code is available to the users so that they may read it , make changes to it and build new versions of the software incorporating their changes for software.
  • Usually these software are distributed under an open source license-GPL.
  • For example : Linux

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Proprietary Softwares

  • Proprietary softwares are those softwares that are owned exclusively by a single company that carefully guards knowledge about the software.
  • For example : Adobe Photoshop

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Origin of LINUX

  • DOS was the once dominated computer operating system.
  • But the source code of DOS was not made available by the developers of the operating system.
  • Along with DOS, another operating system available was UNIX which was developed in the year 1969.
  • Unix was developed using C programming language.
  • Before the Linux came into existence there came 2 another operating systems : Minix and GNU.
  • These were similar to unix but used no codes from it.
  • Later in the year 1991 Linus Trovalds , a student from Helsinki University developed a OS called Linux (Linux 0.01) in the mid September .

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Origin of LINUX(contd…)

  • Linus Trovalds was known as father of Linux OS.
  • Penguin nicknamed TUX was used as Linux mascot and it was adopted by the Linux community and majority of people associate Linux with Tux.
  • Later with the introduction of graphical interfaces such as KDE and X-Windows this OS gained popularity.
  • Different vendors added several noteworthy features and made the software in a distributable format, ready for distribution.
  • Red Hat and Debian were the first two vendors who entered the scene for distributing Linux.

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Linux Kernel

  • The central nervous system of Linux OS is the kernel.
  • It is responsible for all the basic functions performed by the OS and running the entire system.
  • This provides a set of services and APIs on top of the hardware for the application to use.
  • Kernel manages memory, controls different devices , executes commands , handles different error and so on.
  • The kernel is under constant revision and development by the linux community.
  • A full featured linux kernel that provide the abilities for the management of different resources of the system was Linux 2.4.

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Linux Kernel(contd…)

  • Linux is developed in a modular architecture.
  • This kernel performs different functions of the OS with the support of core such as :
  • Device management
  • Memory management
  • Process management
  • File management
  • These management processes are performed using several advanced functions.

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Linux Kernel(contd…..)

  • Different device drivers , protocols and other components are glued to this core as requirements.
  • This type of modular architecture help us in efficient working of the OS by loading the system faster and using the minimum memory.
  • Linux helps to keep the additional memory requirements less for new versions.
  • Linux Kernel is made up of several device drivers.
  • It has a bus architecture which is responsible for the efficient working of internal and external devices connected to them.

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Linux Kernel(contd…..)

  • Commonly used architectures are :
    1. ISA(Industry Standard Architecture)
    2. PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect)
    3. MCA(Micro Channel Architecture)
    4. USB(Universal Serial Bus)

and so on….

  • Linux provides support to above architectures including for plug and play devices inserted to the above mentioned buses as well as to those devices connected to serial and external buses.
  • Different systems use different types of file systems namely
  • PAT (Port Address Translation)
  • FAT32(File Allocation Table)
  • NTFS(New Technology File System)
  • VFAT (Virtual File Allocation Table)
  • HPPS

and so on

  • A complete implementation of networking protocols such as TCP, IP, UDP, NetBEUI and so on are included with the kernel. As a result, the kernel provides enough support for networking and making communication with the Internet, easily.
  • Firewalls. packet filters and the like have become common components of Linux kernels.

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Linux features

  • Linux has following features :
    1. Free and Inexpensive
    2. Stable and Flexible
    3. Fast and Reliable
    4. Easier to Use
    5. Robust Programming and Application Environments
    6. Built-in Networking Ability and Easy Access to the Internet
    7. Increased Returns
    8. Multi User and Multi Tasking Ability
    9. Entertaining and Educative
    10. Readily Available Help

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Linux Distributions

  • Linux was first made available under the GNU General Public License and this operating system was distributed along with the source code.
  • Normally Linux distributions are available in 2 types:
    1. Paid (commercial version)
    2. Free distribution(community version)
  • Depending on the nature of application, Linux distributions are mainly divided into two versions namely:
    • desktop version
    • server version.
  • Server versions are further divided depending on requirements such as its suitability for use in mainframes systems and for advanced platforms.
  • Linux servers offer a low cost hosting space for web publishing.

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Linux Opportunities

  • Use of Linux across the globe in business segments as well as in government sectors is increasing.
  • This operating system is mainly used for operations like web hosting, software development, device embedding and so on.
  • For web hosting and maintenance of websites and databases in Linux platforms, service of Linux professionals are also essential.
  • Developing device drivers for devices and new peripheral devices is another area of opportunity to Linux professionals.
  • Skills in kernel programming provide ample opportunities for developers in this field.

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