THE FALL OF BOSNIA, MONTENEGRO, RESISTANCE OF CEPEŠ AND PENETRATION INTO HUNGARY

Time for history

THE CONTENT

• The fall of Bosnia and attempts to resist Turkish conquest
• The fall of Montenegro_
• The fall of Cepeš
• The fall of Belgrade
• The Battle of Mohač

THE FALL OF BOSNIA AND ATTEMPTS TO RESIST TURKISH CONQUEST

• The fall of Bosnia under Ottoman rule included the conquests during May and June 1463., and ended with the surrender of Ključ and the execution of Stefan Tomašević in Jajce in late June
• The Ottoman plan for the coup was well thought out, because the commander of Serbia first started with small military actions on the border with the Kingdom of Hungary, which King Matthias interpreted as an announcement of an attack on him as a strong Ottoman army was moving towards today's Republic of Serbia

THE FALL OF BOSNIA AND ATTEMPTS TO RESIST TURKISH CONQUEST

• The army led by Mehmed II personally penetrated into Bosnia via Sjenica and Drina. The first to be hit were the countries, the last Pavlovići
• Duke Petar II (1450-1463) and knez Nikola (1450-1463) tried to resist, but the Ottomans occupied their lands without major problems, and two of them died during the fighting
• Next on the attack was Tvrtko Kovačević Diničić, who ruled the middle Podrinje. He surrendered without a fight, believing that a fifteen-year truce had been concluded in force, but he was executed

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THE FALL OF BOSNIA AND ATTEMPTS TO RESIST TURKISH CONQUEST

• The Sultan then led a part of army on the thrones Bobovac , Mahmud-Pasha Andjelovic with 20.000 men set out , on Jajce , while the third part of the army attacked by southern rims Pannonian lowlands disabling Hungarians to provide help to the King Stefan
• Ottomans at the same time penetrated the east part of Herzegovina

• Herceg Stefan withdrew with his family to its western part, while in the eastern part several fort commanders tried to resist by refusing to surrender, but eventually succumbed to the superior invading army

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THE FALL OF MONTENEGRO

• When dynasty Balšići died out in 1421., Crnojevići in Zeta continued to fight with Đurde Brankovic
• When The Ottomans occupied Zeta in 1479., the Crnojevićs took refuge in Italy , and after the death of Mehmed II, they return to Zeta and they become ottoman vassals
• Although Zeta, after first falls under Turkey government (1479 ) years managed to recover their own statehood already during 1481., political position of the state began to deteriorate rapidly soon after death of Ivan Crnojević in July 1490.

THE FALL OF MONTENEGRO

• With French the king Charles VIII , Crnojevići were preparing an rebellion against Ottomans
• The plan failed, and Zeta was annexed with Skadarski sandžak 1499.
• When French King Charles VIII of Valois, conquered the Naples 1495., he started working on the creation of anti-Turkish alliance, one of potential allies was Đurađ Crnojevic

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THE FALL OF MONTENEGRO

• Connections between Charles and Đurađ were established by Đurađ’s uncle Constantine the Arian , who lived in Italy
• However , against that alliance were Venetians who were scared away from French fortifications in Italy , so they concluded alliance against the Frenchman, that was joined by Habsburg monarchy , Milan duchy and Pope Alexander VI
• Anti-Turkish politics were not supported by Đurđe 's brother Stefan Crnojevic , he came to Cetinje 1496., where he informed Đurađ that the Turkish sultan demands from his vassal, to immediately come to Constantinople, or to leave his city

THE FALL OF MONTENEGRO

• Finding himself in danger , Đurađ decided to work together with family and leave Cetinje, and then he went to Italy across Budva
• At the same time, Turks took power over the Zeta and annexed the entire area of Gornja Zeta, including the area of the original (old) Montenegro, to the Skadarski Sandžak
• At the end of 1496., the final collapse of Zeta was marked, as well as the collapse of the last Serbian medieval state

THE FALL OF THE CEPEŠ

• The Turkish army marched on the Balkan states and threatened to reach Central Europe
• In 1408., the Hungarian king Sigismund of Luxembourg founded the Knights of the Dragon, whose goal was to resist the invasion of the Turks. The Vlach prince Vlad (father Vlad Cepeš / Dracula) was chosen to be part of the Knights
• As Prince Vlad (father) he had to make connections with Hungary and Turkey. He first connected with the King of Hungary (who put him on the throne) and saw that the situation was more favorable for the Turkish Sultan Murat II, so he made a secret alliance with him.

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THE FALL OF THE CEPEŠ

• Due to the treaty, he invaded Transylvania in 1438.
• In order to prove his loyalty and stay on the throne alive, he handed over his two sons (Vlad and Rada) to Murat, where the younger Dracula remained until 1448. Enraged by the betrayal, King Janos Hunyadi of Hungary ordered his capture and assassination in 1447.
• Dissatisfied, he ordered the death of his eldest son Mirca and appointed the prince of the Danesti family to rule in Hungary. Because the princes of Danesti were loyal, the Turks tried to put the young Vlad on the throne knowing about his hatred of the Danesti family, and Rada as a guarantee

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THE FALL OF THE CEPEŠ

• After the second battle in Kosovo (October 17, 1448.), he became the ruler of Romania.
• He soon had to flee due to the threat of his father's killer, to Moldova, where he had good relations with Stephen the Great. On July 3, 1456., he gained control of the southern part of Transylvania.
• In July 1456., Dracula came to the Hungarian throne again and proclaimed Trgovište the capital. During the second reign of 1461., the Turks demanded that Cepeš cancel the alliance with the King of Hungary.

THE FALL OF THE CEPEŠ

• Knowing that the sultan would attack Romania, he informed the Hungarian king about the invasion. The Sultan's army crossed the Danube in May 1462. and expanded into Romania.
• Cepeš attacked during the night and forced the sultan to withdraw. In October 1462., Matthias Corvinus announced the arrest of Cepeš.
• He was a prisoner for 20 years, and when he was released, he rejected his religion and, with the help of Matthias Corvinus, regained the Romanian throne, but for a short time. It is officially written that he died in the battle near Bucharest, by Lajot Basarab and Romanian boyars.

THE FALL OF BELGRADE

• The siege of Belgrade in 1456. was a great attack by the Turks on this city, which took place between July 4 and 22
• After the fall of Constantinople, the main opponent of the Ottomans in the west was the Kingdom of Hungary
• Sultan Mehmed II launched a large army with the goal of conquering Smederevo, the capital of the Serbian despot Đurađ Brankovic, and Belgrade, the most important Hungarian stronghold on the southern border.

THE FALL OF BELGRADE

• The army defending the Belgrade fortress consisted of detachments gathered by Janos Hunjadi, some troops sent by Despot Đurađ, as well as detachments of poorly armed crusaders.
• A significant event during the siege was the defeat of the Turkish fleet on the Danube on July 14, 1456. Realizing that they could not cut off the city from the rivers, and thus from Hungary, the Turks decided on a fierce assault that was carried out on July 21.
• The next day, the Turkish withdrawal followed

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THE FALL OF BELGRADE

• The fall of Belgrade in 1521. is an event that followed as a consequence of the third great Turkish attack on this Hungarian fortress in the Ottoman-Hungarian conflicts at the time of the greatest expansion of the Ottoman Empire to the west.
• Suleiman started his army in mid-May 1521., and the main goal of this campaign was to conquer Belgrade. The Hungarian state was almost in disarray and incapable of effectively opposing the Ottoman army
• Unlike previous campaigns, this time the sultan decided that the main direction of the attack was from the Sava’s side.

THE FALL OF BELGRADE

• In order to do this, the Ottoman army first had to capture Srem, which it did in the end. The defenders of Belgrade persistently resisted, but due to the lack of manpower and war material, they had to surrender the city on August 29, 1521.
• The fall of Belgrade showed the inability of the Hungarian government to oppose the expansionist policy of the Ottoman Empire, which would show its superiority in battle on Mohač field in 1526.

THE BATTLE OF MOHAČ

• It can be divided into two clearly demarcated periods. The first lasted from 1526. to 1711. and included events related to the Ottoman invasion of Hungarian lands
• In the second period, from the Peace of Satmar in 1711. to 1790., the political, economic and social structure of Hungary was restored, regressed and partially disintegrated by a long war with the Ottomans and the Habsburgs, and finally integrated into the Austrian monarchy.

THE BATTLE OF MOHAČ

• The Battle of Mohač took place on August 29, 1526., named after the town of Mohač, the site of the battle itself.
• The Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent convincingly won the victory over the Croatian-Hungarian king, more precisely King Ludvik II Jagetić allegedly drowned in a stream and thus died and escaped slavery.
• The Battle of Mohač is of great historical significance for Hungary. The reason lies in the fact that after the death of King Louis, the Habsburg dynasty ruled in Hungary.

THE BATTLE OF MOHAČ

• The battle on the field of Mohač brought victory to the Ottomans, who marched on Budim. Despite this victory, the Turks did not succeed in their plan to conquer all of Hungary.
• After the breakthrough in Budim, they had to withdraw soon and they conquered it only in 1541., when the battle marked the end of the power of the Hungarian Empire. The Czech Republic then belonged to Ferdinand I of Habsburg.
• Dynastic struggles broke out in Croatia and Bulgaria, and the reason was the supporters of the Habsburgs and other supporters who were for Ivan Zapolje. The Croatian Parliament in Cettingrad then decided that the new Croatian king would be Ferdinand I, and the decision was made on January 1, 1527.

VLAD CEPEŠ

LITERATURE

• https://www.ravnoplov.rs/mohacka-bitka-1526-godine/
• https://dochub.com/katic-marko/dbnaAMqK9doqQNmRGNXJm0/rokai-pal-kasa%C5%A1-%C4%91ere-istorija-ma%C4%91ara-pdf
• https://www.mycity-military.com/Stari-srednji-i-novi-vek/Opsada-Beograda-1456-i-Pad-Beograda-1521.html
• https://www.arz.hr/bitka-na-mohackom-polju/
• https://www.slideshare.net/pvtSvijet/osmanlije-59711410
• Robert Mantran – the history of Otomman Kingdom
• https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331382531_Susret_civilizacija_Pad_Bosanskog_kraljevstva
• https://www.shtreber.com/otpor-osmanlijama-i-pad-hriscanskih-drzavama
• https://www.rastko.rs/rastko-bl/istorija/corovic/istorija/4_9_l.html

People who worked on this project: Aleksa Borčak, Marko Katić, Marko Vučković, Mijat Glušac, Nikola Dragić