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સંશોધનમાં નૈતિકતા શું છે? શા માટે તે મહત્ત્વનું છે?

What is ethics in research? Why is it important?

જ્યારે મોટાભાગના લોકો નૈતિકતા (અથવા નૈતિકતા) વિશે વિચારે છે, ત્યારે તેઓ સાચા અને ખોટા વચ્ચેના તફાવત માટેના નિયમો વિશે વિચારે છે
માત્થીની સુવાર્તામાં ઈસુએ એક જ વાક્યમાં સમગ્ર ઓલ્ડ ટેસ્ટામેન્ટનો સારાંશ આપ્યો છે: "બીજાઓ તમારી સાથે જે રીતે વર્તે તેમ તમે ઈચ્છો છો તેમ બીજાઓ સાથે વર્તો." - નૈતિકતાનો સુવર્ણ નિયમ જેનો અર્થ થાય છે, "અન્ય લોકો સાથે તમે ઇચ્છો છો તે ચિંતા અને માયાળુપણા સાથે વર્તો"
"નીતિશાસ્ત્ર"ને વ્યાખ્યાયિત કરવાની સૌથી સામાન્ય રીત : સ્વીકાર્ય અને અસ્વીકાર્ય વર્તણૂંક વચ્ચેનો તફાવત પારખતા આચરણ માટેના ધોરણો
When most people think of ethics (or morals), they think of rules for distinguishing between right and wrong
In Matthew's gospel, Jesus summarises the whole of the Old Testament in a single phrase: “Do unto others as you would have them do unto you.”-A Golden Rule of ethics meaning “Treat other people with the concern and kindness you would like them to show toward you”
The most common way of defining "ethics“ : Norms for conduct that distinguish between acceptable and unacceptable behavior

https://www.niehs.nih.gov by David B. Resnik, J.D., Ph.D.

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અમે ઘરે, શાળામાં, મંદિરમાં, ચર્ચમાં અથવા અન્ય સામાજિક સેટ્સમાં નૈતિક ધોરણો શીખીએ છીએ
જો કે મોટાભાગના લોકો બાળપણ દરમિયાન સાચા અને ખોટાની ભાવના પ્રાપ્ત કરે છે, તેમ છતાં, નૈતિક વિકાસ સમગ્ર જીવન દરમિયાન થાય છે અને માનવી જેમ જેમ પરિપક્વ થાય છે તેમ તેમ વિકાસના વિવિધ તબક્કાઓમાંથી પસાર થાય છે
નૈતિક ધોરણો એટલા સર્વવ્યાપક છે કે કોઈને પણ તેમને સરળ કોમનસેન્સ તરીકે ગણવાની લાલચ થઈ શકે છે
બીજી બાજુ, જો નૈતિકતા એ કોમનસેન્સ સિવાય બીજું કશું જ ન હતું, તો પછી આપણા સમાજમાં આટલા બધા નૈતિક વિવાદો અને મુદ્દાઓ કેમ છે?
We learn ethical norms at home, at school, in temple, in church, or in other social sets

Although most people acquire their sense of right and wrong during childhood, moral development occurs throughout life and human beings pass through different stages of growth as they mature

Ethical norms are so ubiquitous that one might be tempted to regard them as simple commonsense

On the other hand, if morality were nothing more than commonsense, then why are there so many ethical disputes and issues in our society?

https://www.niehs.nih.gov by David B. Resnik, J.D., Ph.D.

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આ મતભેદોની એક સંભવિત સમજૂતી એ છે કે તમામ લોકો કેટલાક સામાન્ય નૈતિક ધોરણોને ઓળખે છે, પરંતુ તેમના પોતાના મૂલ્યો અને જીવનના અનુભવોના પ્રકાશમાં તેનું અર્થઘટન, અમલ અને સંતુલન વિવિધ રીતે કરે છે
ઉદાહરણ તરીકે, બે લોકો સંમત થશે કે ખૂન ખોટું છે પરંતુ ગર્ભપાતની નૈતિકતા વિશે અસંમત છે કારણ કે તેઓ માનવી હોવાનો અર્થ શું છે તે વિશેની જુદી જુદી સમજણ ધરાવે છે
One probable explanation of these disagreements is that all people recognize some common ethical norms but interpret, apply, and balance them in different ways in light of their own values and life experiences
For example, two people would agree that murder is wrong but disagree about the morality of abortion because they have different understandings of what it means to be a human being

https://www.niehs.nih.gov by David B. Resnik, J.D., Ph.D.

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Most societies also have legal rules that govern behavior, but ethical norms tend to be broader and more informal than laws

Although most societies use laws to enforce widely accepted moral standards and ethical and legal rules use similar concepts, ethics and law are not the same

“An action may be legal but unethical or illegal but ethical”

https://www.niehs.nih.gov by David B. Resnik, J.D., Ph.D.

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We can also use ethical concepts and principles to criticize, evaluate, propose, or interpret laws

Indeed, in the last century, many social reformers have urged citizens to disobey laws they regarded as immoral or unjust laws

Peaceful civil disobedience is an ethical way of protesting laws or expressing political viewpoints

https://www.niehs.nih.gov by David B. Resnik, J.D., Ph.D.

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Another way of defining 'ethics' focuses on the disciplines that study standards of conduct, such as philosophy, theology, law, psychology, or sociology

For example, a "medical ethicist" is someone who studies ethical standards in medicine

https://www.niehs.nih.gov by David B. Resnik, J.D., Ph.D.

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One may also define ethics as a method, procedure, or perspective for deciding how to act and for analyzing complex problems and issues

For instance, in considering a complex issue like global warming one may take an economic, ecological, political, or ethical perspective on the problem

Alternatives to Animal Testing

https://www.niehs.nih.gov by David B. Resnik, J.D., Ph.D.

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Alternative test methods are methods that replace, reduce, or refine animal use in research and testing

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Scientists often study the effects of drugs and chemicals on animals before they deem them safe for humans

When possible, they try to perform these toxicology tests using biochemical or cell-based (in vitro) systems instead of with animals such as mice

For example, researchers successfully created in vitro methods to identify severe eye irritants and substances that could cause allergic contact dermatitis¹

https://www.niehs.nih.gov by David B. Resnik, J.D., Ph.D.

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However, the development of in vitro tests that can reliably identify chemical hazards resulting in cancer or birth defects is more difficult because of the complexity of the biological processes involved

Computer programs with advanced systems based on large chemical databases can predict a chemical's toxicity, reducing the need for animal testing in some situations

https://www.niehs.nih.gov by David B. Resnik, J.D., Ph.D.

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The Institute of Cytology and Genetics in Novosibirsk, Russia, installed a lab mouse statue to recognize the sacrifices made by lab rats for clinical research��The eight-foot statue of the lab mouse knitting a strand of DNA is installed to honor their contributions in the advancement of scientific research

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monument_to_the_laboratory_mouse

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3Rs

The concept of replacing reducing, or refining replacing, reducing, or refining animal use in research and testing was first described more than 60 years ago² and is commonly referred to as 3Rs:

Replacing: A test method that substitutes traditional animal models with non-animal systems such as computer models or biochemical or cell-based systems, or replaces one animal species with a less developed one (for example, replacing a mouse with a worm)

Reducing: A test method that decreases the number of animals required for testing to a minimum while still achieving testing objectives

Refining: A test method that eliminates pain or distress in animals, or enhances animal well-being, such as by providing better housing or enrichment

https://www.niehs.nih.gov by David B. Resnik, J.D., Ph.D.

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Codes and Policies for Research Ethics

Given the importance of ethics for the conduct of research, it should come as no surprise that many different professional associations, government agencies, and universities have adopted specific codes, rules, and policies relating to research ethics

Many government agencies have ethics rules for funded researchers

https://www.niehs.nih.gov by David B. Resnik, J.D., Ph.D.

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https://www.publichealthnotes.com/research-ethics-definition-principles-and-advantages/

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Ethical Principles

Honesty

Be honest in all scientific communications
Honestly and fairly your report data, results, methods, procedures, and publication status
Do not fabricate, falsify, or misrepresent data
Do not mislead and cheat colleagues, research sponsors, or the public