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Negative

Positive

Voltage

Permission to use is granted for�in-class direct instruction ONLY.

https://www.youtube.com/c/physicsworks

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ONE COULOMB of Charge (+ or -)�� 6.24 x 1018 charges�6,240,000,000,000,000,000 charges

ONE JOULE of Energy

�The ability to do ONE JOULE of Work.�Ex: Lifting a 1 N weight up 1 m.

6.24 x 1018 e-/C

1.60 x 10-19 C/e-

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Electrical Potential

Electrical Potential�ENERGY

versus

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http://www.aviationpics.de/prev/crane%203.jpg

2,000 N

15 meters

Work = Force · Distance

= 2,000 N · 15 m

= 30,000 J

Work = ΔEnergy

= ΔUg= 30,000 J

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GRAVITATIONAL�Potential Energy

Separating�Attractive Bodies

2,000 N

(Joules)

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ELECTRICAL�Potential Energy

Separating�Attractive Bodies

(Joules)

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ELECTRICAL�Potential Energy

Bringing Together�Repulsive Bodies

(Joules)

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ELECTRICAL�Potential Energy

Bringing Together�Repulsive Bodies

AND

Separating�Attractive Bodies

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20 J/kg

10 J/kg

60 Joules total

30 Joules total

Gravitational Potential Energy

Gravitational Potential Energy

Gravitational Potential

Gravitational Potential

1 m

2 m

1 kg (10 N) each

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20 J/C

10 J/C

60 Joules total

30 Joules total

Electrical Potential Energy

Electrical Potential Energy

Electrical Potential

Electrical Potential

1 Coulomb each

 

 

 

Alessandro Volta

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Negative

Positive

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9V

1,800 J

200 C

6V

96,000 J

16,000 C

3,600 J

2,400 C

1.5V

AAA

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AP Physics 2 Content

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SIGN CONVENTIONS

Positive Work done by an external force increases the Potential Energy.

d

F

E

Positive Work done by the fielddecreases the Potential Energy.

d

F

E

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Q

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- - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Electric Field�weakens with distance.

Electric Field�UNIFORM

Two Unique Situations:

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Electric Field�weakens with distance.

Electric Field�UNIFORM

Two unique situations:

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Relative Gravitational Potential Energy

http://www.edinburgschools.net/jh/junior%20high%20%20building/jh_building.htm

 

 

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RELATIVE Gravitational Potential

ABSOLUTE Gravitational Potential

 

 

 

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Find the WORK done moving an object from 1.0 m to 4.0 m.

Distance (m)

Force (N)

 

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Distance (m)

Force (N)

 

Find the WORK done moving an object from 1.0 m to 4.0 m.

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Distance (m)

Force (N)

 

 

 

.0625

 

Find the WORK done moving an object from 1.0 m to 4.0 m.

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Absolute Potential Energy

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

zero

 

 

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-2,000 Joules

-8,000 Joules

ΔUG = Final - Initial

ΔUG = -8,000 J – (-2,000 J)

ΔUG = -6,000 Joules

Object LOST 6,000 Joules

ΔUG = Final - Initial

ΔUG = -2,000 J – (-8,000 J)

ΔUG = +6,000 Joules

Object GAINED 6,000 Joules

 

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-2,000 Joules

-8,000 Joules

ΔUE = Final - Initial

ΔUE = -8,000 J – (-2,000 J)

ΔUE = -6,000 Joules

Object LOST 6,000 Joules

ΔUE = Final - Initial

ΔUE = -2,000 J – (-8,000 J)

ΔUE = +6,000 Joules

Object GAINED 6,000 Joules

 

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+2,000 Joules

+8,000 Joules

ΔUE = Final - Initial

ΔUE = +8,000 J – (+2,000 J)

ΔUE = +6,000 Joules

Object GAINED 6,000 Joules

ΔUE = Final - Initial

ΔUE = +2,000 J – (+8,000 J)

ΔUE = -6,000 Joules

Object LOST 6,000 Joules

 

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- - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Electric Field�weakens with distance.

Electric Field�UNIFORM

 

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Parallel Plates

VA

+ + + +

- - - -

VB

E

+q

F = qE

Consider Two parallel plates of equal and opposite charge, a distance d apart.

Constant E field: F = qE

Work = Fd = (qE)d

Also, Work = q(VA – VB)

So that: qVAB = qEd and

VAB = Ed

The potential difference between two oppositely charged parallel plates is the product of E and d.

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Electric Field�weakens with distance.

Electric Field�UNIFORM

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + +

- - - - - - - - - - - - - -

 

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E =

F�q

V�r

=

q =

F·r�V

nq =

nmg·r�V

Work = Fd = (qE)d

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Equal Elevation Lines

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Equipotential�Lines

g - Field

(J/kg)

(N/kg)

(m/s2)

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Equipotential�Lines

E - Field

(J/C)

(N/C)

(Volts)

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Lake Tahoe�1,645 ft deep

Equipotential�Lines

g - Field

(J/kg)

(N/kg)

(m/s2)

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Lake Tahoe�1,645 ft deep

Equipotential�Lines

g - Field

(J/kg)

(N/kg)

(m/s2)

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9.0 Volts

9.0 Volts

9.0 Volts

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0 V

9.0 V

4.5 V

? V

? V

? V

? V

1.5 V

7.5 V

3.0 V

6.0 V

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http://son.nasa.gov/tass/images/electric_fields3.jpg

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