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Lesson Target

Introduce precise claim(s), distinguish them from alternate or opposing claims, and establish clear relationships among claim(s), counterclaims, reasons, and evidence.

Develop claim(s) and counterclaims fairly, supplying evidence for each while acknowledging strengths and limitations.

Use words, phrases, and clauses to create cohesion and clarify relationships between claim(s), reasons, evidence, and counterclaims.

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What is a Claim?

A claim is a statement or proposition put forward as true, supported by evidence and reasoning. It is the main argument or point of view that the writer is advocating.

In argumentative writing, claims serve as the backbone of the argument and should be precise, specific, and focused. They provide a clear direction for the entire piece of writing.

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Differentiating Claims

Start by clearly identifying the main claim or the primary argument you are presenting. The main claim represents your position or viewpoint on the topic or issue you are addressing.

Counterclaims are opposing viewpoints that challenge your main claim. These counterclaims present alternative perspectives or arguments that can challenge your position.

Put yourself in the shoes of someone who holds an opposing viewpoint. Think about the different reasons, evidence, or logic they might use to support their position.

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Differentiating Claims

Recognize the existence of counterclaims by explicitly acknowledging them. This shows fairness, credibility, and a thoughtful consideration of multiple perspectives.

Differentiate your main claim from counterclaims by analyzing their opposing elements. Look for the fundamental differences in the underlying reasoning, evidence, values, or conclusions.

Address counterclaims directly within your argument. Provide a thoughtful response that refutes or counters the opposing viewpoint using valid reasoning and evidence.

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Note

A well-structured argument establishes clear relationships among claims, counterclaims, reasons, and evidence. This includes demonstrating how claims support the main argument, addressing counterarguments, presenting supporting reasons, and providing evidence that strengthens the overall argument.

It is essential to distinguish the claim(s) from opposing claims. This involves recognizing different viewpoints related to the topic being discussed. By acknowledging alternate claims, the writer demonstrates an understanding of the complexity of the topic and strengthens their own argument by addressing potential counterarguments.

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For Example:

Suppose the topic is whether students should be allowed to use mobile phones in school.

Establishing clear relationships among these claims involves presenting evidence and reasoning to support the main claim while acknowledging and addressing the counterclaims.

Counterclaims might include:

"Mobile phones distract students from learning."

"Students should be allowed to use mobile phones in school."

The claim could be:

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Organizing Arguments

Effective organization is crucial in argumentative writing as it helps convey the writer's message clearly and persuasively.

A well-structured argument allows readers to follow the logical progression of ideas, understand the relationships between different elements of the argument, and grasp the overall coherence of the writing. This can be done using various organizational strategies, such as Toulmin Model.

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Toulmin Model

The Toulmin model is a widely used framework for organizing arguments.

It consists of six elements: claim, grounds (reasons), warrant (the underlying assumption or principle that connects the claim and reasons), backing (additional support for the warrant), qualifiers (words that indicate the strength or limitations of the claim), and rebuttals (counterarguments).

This framework helps structure and reinforce arguments by providing a logical and persuasive structure.

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01 Grounds

02 Qualifier

03 Claim

04 Backing

05 Warrant

06 Rebuttal

The grounds, also known as reasons or evidence, provide support for the claim.

Qualifiers indicate the degree of confidence or strength of the claim.

Claim is the main argument being made. It states the position of the writer.

The backing provides additional support or evidence for the warrant.

The warrant connects the grounds to the claim by providing the underlying reasoning.

Rebuttals address potential counterarguments or opposing viewpoints.

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Fair and Balanced Arguments

In persuasive writing, it is crucial to develop fair and balanced arguments to present a comprehensive view of the topic. This approach demonstrates intellectual honesty, credibility, and respect for differing perspectives. Developing fair arguments also increases the persuasiveness of the overall message.

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Note

It is essential to acknowledge the strengths and limitations of both the main claim(s) and counterclaims. By doing so, the writer demonstrates a thorough understanding of the topic and builds credibility. Pointing out strengths enhances the persuasiveness of the main claim(s).

To develop fair arguments, it is necessary to provide evidence for both the main claim(s) and counterclaims. Each claim and counterclaim should be supported by relevant and sufficient evidence. This evidence can include facts, statistics, research studies, expert opinions, examples, or anecdotes.

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For Example:

Suppose the topic is whether students should have part-time jobs while in high school.

Simultaneously, acknowledging counterarguments helps demonstrate a fair and thoughtful approach.

potential negative effects on academic performance

improved time management and financial responsibility

In developing fair and balanced arguments, one might present evidence in favor of students having part-time jobs.

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Let's Argue

Form two teams: Team Book and Team Screen. You will be assigned a specific viewpoint to argue for throughout the debate.

Activity: Debate - Reading Using a Book versus Reading on a Screen

Research and prepare your arguments, focusing on evidence, examples, and logical reasoning to support your assigned viewpoint.

Participate in the debate by presenting opening statements, engaging in rebuttals, and providing supporting evidence.

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