Unit XII Abnormal Behavior Modules 65-69

MR. MCELHANEY 2020

Today

• Overview College Board (link)
• Modules
• What is abnormal?
• What is clinical?
• Psychopathology
• Culture and Mental Disorders
• Bias and Labeling
• Rosenhan Study
• Medical Model Pinel

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Unit XII Abnormal Behavior Modules 65-69�

• Module 65 Introduction to Psychological Disorders
• Module 66 Anxiety Disorders, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, and Post-traumatic Stress Disorder
• Module 67 Mood disorders
• Module 68 Schizophrenia
• Module 69 Other Disorders

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What is abnormal?�Defining a disorder:

• Defining Psych Disorders:
• A disorder- is a syndrome marked by clinically significant disturbances in an individual’s cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior.
• Maladaptive-
• Disturbed or dysfunctional
• Interferes with normal day to day life.

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• Clinical- focus on treatment of patients vs research

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Mental Health consists of the ability to adapt to the inevitable stresses and misfortunes of life.

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It means the ability to cope with anxiety, depression in a healthy way.

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We adapt and can have growth

Criteria of Ab-normal

• Unusual
• Infrequency
• Statistical infrequency- behavior that is unusual (but that alone is not enough to determine abnormality)
• Norm Violation
• People who behave in bizarre, unusual, disturbing enough to violate norms
• Society decides what is normal
• Personal Suffering
• Is the problem severe enough to require treatment?
• But not by itself, sometimes people with disorders are not suffering.

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Other detail

• Deviance from Statistical Norm
• Deviance from Social Norma
• Personal distress
• Maladaptiveness

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Psychopathology: the scientific study of mental disorders. (simple definition)�

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• Psychopathology is generally defined
• “as patterns of thought, emotion, and behavior that result in personal distress or significant impairment in a person’s social or occupational functioning.”

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Culture and Mental Disorders

• Controversy- disorders are sometimes dependent on culture.
• Mental disorders determination or diagnosis are subjective example homosexuality was a disorder till 1973. Today we think of HDHD in similar terms…

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Culture and Mental Illness

• Cultural issues relate, for example Anorexia/bulimia are found in Western cultures.
• Running Amok- in Malesia
• Susto- Latin America, severe anxiety, restlessness, fear of black magic.
• Taijin- Kyofusho- social anxiety, fear of eye contact
• Hikikomori (Japan) extreme withdrawal

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Bias and Labeling Psychological Disorders�

• Labels- problem when a label is given it creates expectancy and preconceptions
• Preconceptions guide our perceptions and attitudes. We judge and change our behavior when we get information, also creates prejudice
• Rosenhan study: 1973
• Patients misdiagnosed with mental disorder were held 19 days
• Stereotypes were reinforced.

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The Medical Model:�Philippe Pinel died 1820’s�

• Reformer in France
• Started reforms in hospitals
• Argued “abnormal behavior is disease of the mind.”
• Moral Treatment
• Boost morale
• Treatment is more humane
• Gentle
• Activity vs. Isolation
• Clean air/sunshine

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Charcot

Dorothea Dix

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Michel Foucault

Madness and Civilization

Summary Video

Next Up

• Medical Model
• OBS
• Bio-Psycho-Social Approach
• Nature/Nurture Connection
• Psychological Factors
• Socio-Cultural Causes
• Effects of Mental Illness
• Onset of Mental Illness
• Risk Factors
• DSM V

Songs that connect to Mental Health

link

Medical Model (sees abnormal behavior as a medical problem) is known as the Neurobiological Model-

• Neurobiological Model really explains psychological disorders in terms of disturbances in anatomy and chemistry of the brain and other bio processes – genetic
• OBS
• Example of Dementia- loss of mental functions including memory, personality, cognitive abilities,
• Caused by- aging, long term alcohol abuse, disease such as encephalitis, brain tumors, head injuries, drug intoxication…
• Alzheimer’s Disease- is a severe form of dementia,
• Schizophrenia, Bi-polar disorders, autism, are bio related

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Biopsychosocial Approach

Psychopathology is a combination of these factors:

Causes of Mental Illness

• Nature-Genetic and Physiological causes

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• Nurture- Experience/conditioning/social factors

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Psychological Factors

• Explanation of disorders as caused by psychological factors:
• wants, needs, emotions, our learning experiences, attachment history, the minds struggle to resolve inner conflicts
• Freud argued mental disorders arise because of “unresolved, mostly unconscious conflicts that began in childhood.” Pg. 594
• Social Cognitive School says, “see most psychological disorders as resulting from the interaction of past learning and current situations.” They also see learned expectations, thinking (negative thinking, and maladaptive thoughts)
• Humanistic Approach says, “suggests that behavior disorders appear when a person’s natural tendency toward growth is blocked, by failure to be aware of and express true feelings… creates distorted perception of reality.”

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Socio-cultural Causes of Psychological Disorders:�

• WE must look outside the individual for causes; at social cultural factors- gender, age, marital status, physical, economic , marital situations…
• Diathesis Stress= a “predisposition for a psychological disorder.” Symptoms reveal themselves when stress is present. Stress triggers the disorder

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Psychological Disorders are costly

• Quality of life/Quality of Relationships is impacted
• Economic factors are generally negatively impacted
• Any given year in US 30% of adults = 60 million people, display some form of mental disorder
• I/2 of all Americans can expect to experience a disorder by age 75
• Any given year 20% of children display significant mental disorders
• ¾ of adult disorders appear before age 25

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Rates of Psychological Disorders P 657�

Risk Factors to mental disorders

Onset of Mental Disorders�

• Usually in early adulthood for most disorders manifest mostly by age 24
• Antisocial Personality Disorder and phobias emerge ages 8-10
• Alcohol use Disorder – emerges around age 20
• OCD, Bipolar, Schizophrenia, and Major Depression- all emerge around age 25.

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Next

• DSM 5
• Classifying Psych Disorders
• Link to Disorders
• Anxiety Disorders
• Songs Related to Anxiety Disorders
• Generalized Anxiety Disorder
• Social Anxiety
• Panic Disorder
• OCD
• Phobias
• PTSD
• Conditioned Behaviors
• Bio Perspectives

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DSM Info

• “it is important to emphasize that the current diagnostic criteria are the best available description of how mental disorders are expressed and can be recognized by trained clinicians.” DSMV- Preface
• “The criteria are concise and explicit and intended to facilitate an objective assessment of symptom presentations in a variety of clinical settings” DSMV- Preface
• harmonized with the World Health Organization's International Classification of Diseases (ICD)
• change in chapter organization better reflects a lifespan approach
• Childhood🡪 adult
• Physiological indicators/neurocircuitry
• to identify the most prominent symptoms that should be assessed when diagnosing a disorder.

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DSM V is the Diagnostic and Statistical Manuel of Mental Disorders is used to diagnose disorders�

• (International Classification of Impairments- is another diagnostic manual)
• Manual describes and defines the abnormal patterns of thinking, emotion and behavior
• Provides specific criteria for each disorder
• The DSM-V says, “that in order to be given a particular diagnosis, a person must display a certain number of symptoms at a certain level of severity for a certain period of time.”
• Diagnosis can be impacted by bias

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Classifying Psychological Disorders�

• DSM-5 Organizes and describes Symptoms
• Diagnostic Criteria for mental disorders
• Defines criteria= frequency, causes, duration, multiple symptoms, treatment options
• Example Insomnia Disorders
• Revisions are made regularly (link)

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Detailed list of disorders Link

1. Neurodevelopmental Disorders
2. Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders
3. Bipolar and Related Disorders •
4. Depressive Disorders •
5. Anxiety Disorders •
6. Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders •
7. Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders •
8. Dissociative Disorders •
9. Somatic Symptom Disorders •
10. Feeding and Eating Disorders •
11. Elimination Disorders •
12. Sleep-Wake Disorders • S

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1. Sexual Dysfunctions •
2. Gender Dysphoria •
3. Disruptive, Impulse Control and Conduct Disorders •
4. Substance Use and Addictive Disorders
5. Neurocognitive Disorders •
6. Personality Disorders •
7. Paraphilic Disorders •
8. Other Disorders

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Lots of information here link

Module 66 Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, and Post-traumatic Stress Disorder

• Anxiety
• Generalized Anxiety
• Panic Disorder
• Phobias
• Social Anxiety Disorder
• Agoraphobia
• Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
• Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

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When anxiety is so intense and long lasting that it impairs a person’s daily functioning it is called an Anxiety Disorder.

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Anxiety Disorders Intro

• “Fear is the emotional response to real or perceived imminent threat, whereas anxiety is anticipation of future threat.  Obviously, these two states overlap, but they also differ, with fear more often associated with surges of autonomic arousal necessary for fight or flight, thoughts of immediate danger, and escape behaviors, and anxiety more often associated with muscle tension and vigilance in preparation for future danger and cautious or avoidant behaviors. Sometimes the level of fear or anxiety is reduced by pervasive avoidance behaviors.

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• Panic attacks feature prominently within the anxiety disorders as a particular type of fear response. Panic attacks are not limited to anxiety disorders but rather can be seen in other mental disorders as well.” (189)
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Songs Related to Anxiety LINK

Anxiety �

• Uneasiness
• Tense- intense dread/fear
• Distressing
• Persistent Anxiety
• Dysfunctional anxiety reducing behavior (maladaptive coping behaviors of drugs and alcohol)

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• Generalized Anxiety
• • Unexplained
• • Continual
• • Tense and uneasy
• • Unfocused
• • Out of control
• • Agitated feelings
• • Pathological worry
• • Persistence 6 months or more
• • 2/3 are women
• • Jittery/agitated
• • Sleep deprived
• • Cause many not be easily identified
• • Also with depressed mood
• • High blood pressure
• • Childhood causes- maltreatment,
• • By age 50 relatively rare

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Panic Disorder

• Sudden episodes
• Creates intense dread
• Panic attack
• Physical manifestations
• Heart beat
• Shortness of breath
• Choking sensation
• Trembling
• Dizziness

• Phobias
• Intense
• Irrationally afraid of specific object or situation
• (Anxiety disorder)
• Irrational fear
• Causes person to avoid 1. Object 2. Activity 3. Situation

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• Social Anxiety Disorder
• Shyness to an extreme
• Fear of being scrutinized by others
• Worries about anxiety
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• Agoraphobia
• Fear or avoidance of public crowds/public situations

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OCD

• “OCD is characterized by the presence of obsessions and/or compulsions.
• Obsessions
• are recurrent and persistent thoughts, urges, or images that are experienced as intrusive and unwanted
• Compulsions
• are repetitive behaviors or mental acts that an individual feels driven to perform in response to an obsession or according to rules that must be applied rigidly.
• Some other obsessive-compulsive and related disorders are also characterized by preoccupations and by repetitive behaviors or mental acts in response to the preoccupations.

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• Other obsessive-compulsive and related disorders are characterized primarily by recurrent body-focused repetitive behaviors (e.g., hair pulling, skin picking) and repeated attempts to decrease or stop the behaviors.” (235)

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder�

• Repetitive thoughts (obsession) or actions
• Being obsessed with thoughts that will not go away
• Maladaptive
• 2/3 %
• Often @ late teens
• Young people and adults

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OCD�

• Affects 1% of population in any given year, persistent, upsetting, unwanted thoughts (common thoughts center on possibility of infection, contamination, doing harm to themselves or others)

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• Obsessive thoughts motivate compulsive behaviors use ritualistic or repetitive behaviors,
• cleaning, checking locks, repeating words, arranging things “just so” that severely impair daily activities, “more than 1 hour a day”
• Thoughts and actions are irrational

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

• 250,000 US Vets have been diagnosed with PTSD or Traumatic Brain Injury
• Characterized by
• Emotional traumatic experiences
• Social Withdrawal
• Nightmares
• Jumpy anxiety
• Insomnia
• 1 in 6 people in combat report either PTSD/Depression/severe anxiety

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• Brain Areas
• Amygdala- emotion
• Temporal lobe = memory
• Genetic predisposition

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• Resiliency- lots of people don’t experience PTSD even with lots of trauma

Understanding Anxiety Disorders�origins

• Learning/Conditioning
• Conditioned fear through Classical and Operant conditioning
• People become hyper-attentive to threats
• They associate anxiety with certain cues/stimuli
• Stimulus generalization
• Reinforcement
• Avoidance
• Observational learning
• We learn fear through observing others in fear
• Monkeys and fear of snakes experiment

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• Cognition
• • Irrational beliefs
• • Hyper vigilance
• • Intrusive thoughts
• Biological Factors – biological dispositions, genetic- it runs in families shown in twin studies, too much serotonin
• Social Factors- learning experiences

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Biological Perspective

• Evolutionary/Genetic
• Anxiety genes
• Coping genes
• Neurotransmitters
• Serotonin (related to genes)
• Glutamate - too much = anxiety

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• The Brain and Anxiety
• “As an over arousal of brain areas involved in impulse control and habitual behaviors.”
• OCD
• Anterior cingulate cortex
• Region monitors our actions and checks for errors
• Is hyperactive
• Frontal lobe

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Next

• Mood Disorders
• Depression and Evolution
• Diagnosing Depressive Disorders
• Major Depressive Disorder
• Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia)
• Bipolar Disorder
• Understanding Mood Disorders
• Biological Perspectives
• Social Cognitive Perspective
• Aaron Beck
• Suicide and Depression
• Predicting Suicide

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Module 67 Mood disorders p 671

• Extreme Moods- (AKA Affective Disorder)
• for long periods, then shift to another extreme mood, moods and shifts are not consistent with events around them

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• Depression is the number one reason people seek mental health services
• Stats say, depression is affects 17% of US adults.
• Depressive Episode plagues 5.8% of men and 9.5% if women
• Major Depressive Disorder
• Bipolar Disorder I and II
• Depressive Disorders (AKA Dysthymia)

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Depression as an evolutionary interpretation- �

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• Depression as an evolutionary interpretation-
• “it protects the psyche. It slows us down, defuses aggression, helps us let go of unattainable goals, and restrains risk taking…”
• “Redirects energy in more promising ways”

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Depressive Disorders:�

• “The common feature of all of these disorders is the presence of sad, empty, or irritable mood, accompanied by somatic and cognitive changes that significantly affect the individual's capacity to function.
• What differs among them are issues of duration, timing, or presumed etiology.”

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• Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder
• Major depressive disorder (including major depressive episode)
• Persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia),
• Premenstrual dysphoric disorder,
• Substance/medication-induced depressive disorder,
• Depressive disorder due to another medical condition

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• Major Depressive Disorder
• Prolonged hopelessness
• Lethargy
• Depressive symptoms:
• Feeling deeply discouraged about the future
• Dissatisfied with life, conversation is unbearable
• Feeling socially isolated
• Lack energy to get things done
• May not have energy to get out of bed
• May be unable to concentrate, eat, sleep,
• Thoughts of suicide
• Social Stresses
• Often caused by a response to past and current loss, death, marital disruption, lost job…
• Ruminative thinking
• People feel sad and overwhelmed, typically losing interest in activities and relationships and taking pleasure in nothing= Anhedonia

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• Eating habits are affected so weight loss or gain is an issue…
• Problems in working,
• Problems concentrating
• Making decisions… Extreme cases may exhibit false beliefs. Can establish suddenly or gradually.
• Characterized by depressive periods, episodes can last for weeks or months, average 4-9 months
• Common aspects: Exaggerated feelings-of inadequacy, worthlessness,
• hopelessness or guilt
• Women are 2-3 times more likely to be victims, 10-25% of women may experience
• Late adolescence and old age correlation
• Very common to appear (Comorbid) with PTSD, OCD, and Anxiety Disorders
• Depressed people think about negative events that also increases and prolongs depression

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Persistent Depressive Disorder (AKA dysthymia)�

• Characteristics:
• Mildly depressed mood more often than not, for a least 2 years.
• Also at least two of the following symptoms:
• 1. Problems regulating appetite
• 2. Problems regulating sleep
• 3. Low energy
• 4. Low self-esteem
• 5. Difficulty concentrating and making decisions
• 6. Feelings of hopelessness

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Bipolar and Related Disorders �

• “Disorders are separated from the depressive disorders in DSM-5 and placed between the chapters on schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders and depressive disorders in recognition of their place as a bridge between the two diagnostic classes in terms of symptomatology, family history, and genetics.

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• Bipolar I
• Bipolar II
• Cyclothymic Disorder
• Substance/Medication-Induced Bipolar and Related Disorder

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Bipolar Disorder (less common than depression) �

• Formerly called Manic Depressive
• A person alternates between depression and mania (an overexcited, hyperactive state, euphoric, hyperactive, wildly optimistic)
• Alternating between depression and mania
• a week to week (not day to day)
• Issue of lots of diagnosis for adolescent boys. Which will be remedied by new classification

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• During Manic Phase:
• Over talkative
• Overactive
• Elated
• Have little need for sleep
• Show less sexual inhibitions
• Reckless/poor judgment
• (some connection of mania to creativity)
• Famous Bi-polar:
• Fredric Handel, Schuman,
• Composers, artists, poets, novelists, and entertainers seem especially prone
• Mania is followed by depressive episode

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Understanding Mood Disorders:�

• Behavioral and Cognitive changes come with Depression:
• Negative thinking
• Behavioral aspects could include anxiety and substance abuse (self-medicating)
• Depression is widespread
• Women risk of major depression is nearly double to men 13% men/22% Women

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• Most major depressive episodes self-terminate
• Therapy helps, but most people eventually recover on their own.
• Stressful events related to work, marriage, and close relationships often precede depression.
• Stressful incidents correlate with depression
• Death/marital crisis, physical assault- related to depression
• More younger people are experiencing depression
• Perhaps more reporting of depressive feelings.

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Biological Perspective�

• Genetic Influences:
• Mood disorders runs in families, risks increase with a family member who manifests behavior
• Twin studies really show this

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• The Depressed Brain:
• Neurotransmitters
• Norepinephrine- increases arousal/boosts mood/ scarce during depression (smoking increases)
• Serotonin- creates euphoria, diminished serotonin associated with depression (SSRI selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor)
• Diminished brain activity in depressive mood left frontal
• Brain size depressed people smaller frontal lobes
• Hippocampus with stress related damage

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Social Cognitive Perspective�Depression�

• The role of thinking and acting in depression
• Low self esteem
• Negative thought patterns/their future
• Catastrophizing
• Minimizing the positive

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Social Cognitive Factors for Depression �

• Negative patterns of thinking can be acquired during childhood
• Children need close, protective, predictable, and responsive early relationships to form healthy views of themselves.
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• People who RUMINATE, or continuously dwell on negative events, on why they occur, and even feelings of depression are likely to feel more and more depressed.

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• Women seem to ruminate a lot and this might explain greater incidence of depression.
• Men seem to use a “distracting style”… they engage in activity that distracts them from their concerns and helps bring them out of their depressed mood.” Pg. 621
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• Certain cognitive styles constitute a (diathesis) predisposition to depression. Then stress makes depression more likely.

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Arron Beck 1967 cognitive theory of depression:�

• Said, depressed people develop mental (cognitive) habits
• Blaming themselves when things go wrong
• Focusing on and exaggerating the negative side of events
• Jumping to overly generalized pessimistic conclusions
• These are errors that lead to depressive thoughts.

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Suicide and Depression:

• Suicide is closely associated with depression and mood disorders
• Thinking about suicide is a symptom of depressive disorders, as well as hopelessness…
• 10 in 100,000 rate, 11^th leading cause of death
• Suicide is common among people over 65 years
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• Second leading cause of death among college students 10,000 attempt per year, 1000 succeed.
• Women attempt suicide 3 times more than men
• Men are 4 times more likely to actually kill themselves
• “The male suicide rate of 65 per 100,000 is ten times higher than the rate for women

Predicting Suicide:�

• European males, older than 45, single or divorced and living alone
• People diagnosed with mood disorder, anxiety disorder, or schizophrenia

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• Elderly males who suffer depression over health problems
• People who make a plan to give away their possessions

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• Not previous attempts- those are help seeking gestures
• Most people who attempt suicide made no prior attempts. (10 percent do attempt again)
• “those who say they are thinking of suicide are much more likely than other people to attempt suicide… 80% of suicides are preceded by some kind of warning.” Pg. 617

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Next (link to my notes)

• Schizophrenia
• Symptoms
• Causes
• Psycho-Somatic
• Somatic Disorders
• Illness Anxiety Disorder
• Conversion Disorder
• Factitious Disorder (Munchausen’s)

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• Dissociative Disorders
• DID
• Dissociative Amnesia
• Fugue
• Personality Disorders
• OCPD

Schizophrenia�

• Schizophrenia is a pattern of extremely disturbed thinking, emotion, perception, and behavior that seriously impairs their ability to function efficiently.
• 1-2% of population, equally in men and women
• Develops in adolescent and early adulthood 75% of time, it is usually gradual, but can be sudden onset.

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• 40% of people with schizophrenia respond well to treatment (medication)
• Estimated 10-13% of homeless suffer from Schizophrenia

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Symptoms of Schizophrenia:�

• Disorders of Thought-
• Content of Schizophrenic thinking is disturbed
• disturbed content, delusions,
• Delusions or false beliefs,
• Disorder of Perception
• Hallucinations, or false perceptions, poorly focused attention
• Problems with cognition (The term means split mind, but is really about thinking, “splitting normally integrated thinking)
• Thought and language are disorganized

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• Neologism “new words” that have only meaning to them, are common disorganization, loose associations, neologisms, “word salad”

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• Loose associations- the tendency for one thought to be connected to others, but they just don’t fit.
• “Upon the advisability of held keeping, environment of the seabeach, gathering, to the forest stream, reinstatement to be placed, poling the paddleboat, of the swamp morass, to the forest compensation, of the dance…”
• Disorders of Emotion
• Flat affect; inappropriate tears, laughter, or anger

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Causes of Schizophrenia: Bio-Psycho-Social model:�

• Biological Explanation:
• Schizophrenia runs in families
• Genetic/Heredity
• 16% of the children of schizophrenic mothers develop Schizophrenia
• Children of Schizophrenics are 10x more likely to develop Schizophrenia.
• Predisposition;/Diathesis
• Probably several genes
• 40% of twins both have it
• Brain Structure Aspects of Schizophrenia
• Structure
• Tissue is thinner in thalamus region, prefrontal cortex, subcortical areas
• Shrinkage of tissue leads to enlarged ventricles (brain fluid transfer mechanism)

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Chemistry:

Poor functioning of Dopamine, (excess dopamine- drugs to reduce reception of dopamine work to control some Schizophrenia)

Psycho-Somatic

How to Determine Somatic Symptom Disorder

• “Incorporating affective, cognitive, and behavioral components into the criteria for somatic symptom disorder provides a more comprehensive and accurate reflection of the true clinical picture than can be achieved by assessing the somatic complaints alone.”

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• Really, pay attention to all of the factors, biological and psychological.

Somatic Symptoms (Somatoform) Disorders

• People show symptoms of a somatic (body) disorder, even though it has no physical cause, these conditions reflect psychological problems

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• Conversion Disorder
• a condition in which people appear to be, but are not, blind, deaf, paralyzed, or insensitive to pain in parts of their body… AKA Hysteria.

• Illness Anxiety Disorder
• (Hypochondriasis) “a strong, unjustified fear that one has cancer, heart disease, AIDS, or other serious physical problem.”
• Frequent visits to physicians, numerous symptoms, (connection to diathesis stress)

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Factitious Disorder (Munchausen’s)�

• “Factitious disorder is a mental disorder in which a person acts as if he or she has a physical or mental illness. People with factitious disorder deliberately create or exaggerate symptoms of an illness”

• Link

Dissociative Disorders

• “Disruptions in a in person’s memory consciousness identity that are more intense long-lasting” are Dissociative Disorders
• Disruptions come on suddenly
• Disruptions last significant time
• Story of John, wife breaks up with him and he has a melt down, he wakes up 2 weeks later knows nothing about what happened.

• Dissociative Amnesia- sudden loss of personal memory but not moving and no new identity
• Dissociative Identity Disorder-(DID)
• (most famous- AKA- Multi-Personality Disorder) A person with DID appears to have more than one identity… each speaks, acts, and writes in a different way…each personality seems to have its own memory, wishes, impulses…
• Sometimes these alternate identities come out with Hypnosis
• Dissociative (Fugue) sudden loss of personal memory and the adoption of new identity in new local

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How do dissociative disorders develop?�

• Psychodynamic theorists say, “massive repression of unwanted impulses or memories as the basis for creating a “new person” who acts out otherwise unacceptable impulses or recalls otherwise unbearable memories.”

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• Research Says:
• Memory loss and other dissociations are genuine and can be extreme
• Many people displaying have experienced events they would like to forget or avoid…childhood abuse
• Self-hypnosis seems to be a part of this
• They create new personalities to escape the trauma and deal with stress

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Personality �Link

Personality Disorders

• “A personality disorder is an enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates markedly from the expectations of the individual's culture,
• Is pervasive and inflexible, has an onset in adolescence or early adulthood, is stable over time, and leads to distress or impairment.” (646)
• Are long standing inflexible ways of behaving
• More dysfunctional style of living
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• Three Clusters of Personality Disorders (divides disorders into categories)
• Odd Eccentric
• Paranoid
• Schizotypal odd superstitious beliefs, illusions of sights of sounds

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• Paranoid Personality Disorder
• Schizoid Personality Disorder
• Schizotypal Personality Disorder
• Anti-Social Personality Disorder
• Borderline Personality Disorder
• Historionic Personality Disorder
• Narcissistic Personality Disorder
• Avoidant Personality Disorder
• Dependent Personality Disorder
• Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder
• Personality change due to another medical condition Personality Disorder
• Other Personality Disorder

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Personality�Disorders

Antisocial Personality Disorders�

• Most serious disorder
• Long term pattern of irresponsible impulsive unscrupulous, even criminal behavior
• Beginning in childhood or early adolescent
• Terms Sociopath or psychopath
• Social norm violation or deception
• 3% of men and 1% of women
• Arrogant, self-centered manipulators
• Lack of anxiety, remorse, or guilt
• After age 40 they are less active and dangerous

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Causes of Personality Disorders�

• Genetic Predisposition
• Reduced brain size, reduction in hippocampus,
• Problem of under-arousal
• Perhaps information processing defects
• Problems with neuropsychological tests in plan making
• Extreme emotional detachment

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OCPD: Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder�

• Extreme High conscientiousness (personality factor)
• Mostly men 2 times as many to women

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• Difference between OCD and OCPD
• OCD by itself is an anxiety disorder
• People feel compelled to repeat:
• Particular thoughts
• Particular Actions (like washing hands)
• Is related to High Neuroticism
• Related to Low Conscientiousness (because of the inability to control inhibitions)

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• Preoccupation with rules, orderliness, perfectionism, mental + interpersonal control
• 1. Begins in early adulthood
• 2. Low Flexibility
• 3. Low openness
• 4. Sticking to a plan becomes the main issue
• 5. Perfectionism prevents things from getting done
• 6. Production is reduced due to perfectionism
• 7. Interpersonal relations suffer.

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