1. Projection of data - Georeferencing & Subset Creation

Aim: To Understand the Projection, Georeferencing and Subsetting of the data

1. To display Raw Toposheets or Images
2. To display Georeferenced Toposheets or Images
3. To get the coordinates of Raster and Vector data
4. To find the location of any Point with co-ordinates
5. To create the subset of Raster & Vector Data

Required Datasets: Toposheet – Unregistered, Shape file

Software Used:

Procedure:

Steps to georeferenced the sheet:

• Create a new project with toposheet.
• Add data from Layout group of Map tab. Select the raster data -map from the folder.
• Georeferencing: Imagery tab 🡪Adjust🡪 add control points
• Right click on the selected point on the map to enter target coordinates – change latitude South to North, minimum two points. Save the action in Georeferencing tab.

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Clipping Raster Data

Step 1: Prepare the Data

Input Raster: A raster dataset (e.g., satellite image, DEM) you want to clip.

Clip Extent: Define the area of interest. o Use a polygon feature class or shapefile as the mask

Step 2: Open the Clip Raster Tool

Go to the Analysis tab and open the Tools pane.

Search for the Clip Raster tool (under the Data Management Tools > Raster > Raster Processing toolbox).

Step 3: Configure the Clip Raster Tool

Input Raster: Select the raster dataset to clip.

Output Extent: Choose one of the following:

Extent: Manually specify the extent coordinates.

Mask: Select a polygon layer to use as the mask.

Output Raster: Specify the output location and name for the clipped raster.

Clipping Geometry: Checked: Use the shape of the mask polygon to clip the raster (irregular shape).

Unchecked: Clip the raster to a rectangular extent.

Step 4: Run the Tool

Click Run.

The tool outputs a raster clipped to the specified area.

Optional Post-Processing •

Apply appropriate symbology to the clipped raster. Mask any unwanted areas (e.g., NoData values).

Clipping Vector Data

Step 1: Prepare the Data

Input Data: A vector dataset (e.g., shapefile, feature class, or geodatabase feature) that you want to clip.

Clip Feature: A polygon feature representing the area of interest (e.g., administrative boundary, study area).

Step 2: Open the Clip Tool

Go to the Analysis tab and click Tools to open the Geoprocessing pane.

Search for the Clip tool (under the Extract toolbox).

Step 3: Configure the Clip Tool

Input Features: Select the vector dataset you want to clip.

Clip Features: Select the polygon feature that defines the area of interest.

Output Feature Class: Specify the output location and name for the clipped dataset.

Step 4: Run the Tool

Click Run.

The output is a clipped vector dataset containing only the features that intersect the clip boundary.

Optional Post-Processing

Review the output for completeness.

Apply symbology or analyze the clipped data further.

2. Digitization and Thematic mapping

Aim: To create the GIS Data

To Extract the point, line and polygon features

To Build the topology & thematic map

Required Data sets

Images- (registered)

Software Used

General Setup for Creating Vector Data

Step 1: Open a New or Existing Map

Launch ArcGIS Pro and open a project.

Load a basemap (e.g., imagery or topographic) for reference.

Step 2:

Create a New Feature Class To store the vector data you’ll create, setup a new feature class.

Go to the Catalog Pane, Navigate to Databases or the desired geodatabase. Right-click the geodatabase and select New > Feature Class.

Define Feature Class Properties:

Name: Enter a name for your dataset (e.g., "MyPoints", "MyLines", "MyPolygons").

Geometry Type: Choose Point, Polyline (for lines), or Polygon based on the desired vector type.

Coordinate System: Set the appropriate spatial reference (e.g., WGS 1984 or UTM Zone). O

Click Next and define attribute fields (e.g., Name, Type, etc.).

Finish: Click Finish to create the feature class.

Digitizing Point Data

Step 3: Add the New Feature Class to the Map

Drag the new Point feature class from the Catalog Pane onto the map.

Step 4: Start an Editing Session

Go to the Edit tab.

Click Create in the Features group to open the Create Features pane.

Select the Point feature template.

Step 5: Digitize Points

In the map view, click the desired locations to add points.

After each click, the point is added to the map.

Use the Attributes pane to enter attribute values (e.g., Name, Description) for each point.

Step 6: Save Edits • Click Save in the Edit tab to save your work.

Digitizing Line Data

Step 7: Add the New Feature Class to the Map

Drag the Polyline feature class to the map.

Step 8: Start an Editing Session

Go to the Edit tab and click Create.

Select the Polyline feature template.

Step 9: Digitize Lines

Click the map to start drawing a line.

Add vertices by clicking at each desired point.

Double-click or press F2 to finish the line.

Use the Attributes pane to input data for the line.

Step 10: Save Edits

Save your work in the Edit tab.

Digitizing Polygon Data

Step 11: Add the New Feature Class to the Map

Drag the Polygon feature class to the map.

Step 12: Start an Editing Session

Go to the Edit tab and click Create.

Select the Polygon feature template.

Step 13: Digitize Polygons

Click the map to start drawing a polygon.

Add vertices by clicking around the area you want to define.

Close the polygon by double-clicking the starting point or pressing F2.

Use the Attributes pane to assign attributes.

Step 14: Save Edits

Save your work in the Edit tab.

Additional settings for Digitizing

• Snapping: Enable snapping (on the Edit tab) to align features with other geometry precisely.
• Basemap: Use high-resolution basemaps or imagery as a reference to improve accuracy.
• Modify Tools: Use tools like Move, Reshape, or Split in the Edit tab to adjust features.

3. Creating Map Layouts in ArcGIS Pro

Aim: Creating a map layout in ArcGIS Pro involves designing a map composition with elements like titles, legends, scale bars, and more.

Required datasets: Basemap, data layers - State-wise Gross Enrolment Ratio & Consumption of total Petroleum Products.

Software Used

Step 1: Prepare Your Map

1. Load Data:

o Open your project and ensure the map contains all the necessary layers.

o Adjust symbology, labeling, and extent to focus on the area of interest.

2. Set Map Properties:

o Go to the Map tab and set the desired Coordinate System for the map.

Step 2: Add a Layout

1. Go to the Insert tab.
2. Click New Layout and choose a predefined page size (e.g., A4 Landscape, A3 Portrait).

o Alternatively, click Custom Page Size to define a specific layout size.

Step 3: Add Map Frames

1. In the Insert tab, select Map Frame.
2. Choose a map from the dropdown list.
3. Draw a rectangle on the layout canvas where the map will appear.

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Step 4: Add Layout Elements

You can enhance the map with the following elements:

Title:

1. In the Insert tab, click Text.
2. Click on the layout and type the map title.
3. Adjust font size, style, and alignment in the Format Text pane.

Legend

1. In the Insert tab, click Legend.
2. Click on the layout canvas to place the legend.
3. Customize the legend in the Format Legend pane:

o Reorder layers or exclude layers.

o Adjust spacing, fonts, and symbols.

Scale Bar

1. Click Scale Bar in the Insert tab.
2. Select a scale bar style and click on the layout to place it.
3. Modify properties in the Format Scale Bar pane, such as units (e.g., kilometers, miles).

North Arrow

1. Click North Arrow in the Insert tab.
2. Choose a style and click on the layout to place it.
3. Resize or reposition the arrow as needed.

Grids and Graticules

1. Go to the Map Frame and right-click.
2. Choose Properties > Grids.
3. Click Add Grid and select Graticule or Measured Grid.
4. Customize the grid style, intervals, and labels.

Step 5: Add Text and Other Annotations

• Use the Text tool to add information like map credits, data sources, or disclaimers.

• Insert shapes (e.g., rectangles, circles) for visual enhancements or highlighting areas.

Step 6: Configure Layout Properties

1. Go to the Layout tab and adjust the following:

o Page Setup: Define margins and page orientation.

o Printer Settings: Choose the correct print options if printing the map.

Step 7: Finalize and Export

1. Review your layout by zooming in and out to ensure all elements are aligned and clear.
2. Click Share > Export Layout to save your layout as:

o PDF /PNG /JPEG/ TIFF /Define the export settings, such as resolution (DPI), file format, and quality.

4. Unsupervised classification on ArcGIS Pro

Aim:

Unsupervised classification is a technique used in remote sensing to categorize pixels in an image into clusters or classes based on spectral similarity without using prior knowledge. In ArcGIS Pro, you can perform unsupervised classification using the ISO Cluster Unsupervised Classification tool.

Requirements: Raster dataset (e.g., satellite imagery such as Landsat, Sentinel-2, or high-resolution aerial imagery).

Software Used:

Step 1: Prepare Your Dataset

• Input Dataset Type: Raster dataset

o Preprocess the imagery:

▪ Clip the raster to the area of interest.

▪ Ensure it is projected to a suitable coordinate system.

Step 2: Open the ISO Cluster Unsupervised Classification Tool

1. Open ArcGIS Pro.

2. Navigate to the Analysis tab.

3. Select Tools to open the Geoprocessing pane.

4. Search for and select the ISO Cluster Unsupervised Classification tool.

Step 3: Input Parameters in the Tool

• Input Raster Bands: Select your raster dataset or composite raster layer.

o If you have separate band layers, use the Composite Bands tool to combine

them into one multiband raster.

• Number of Classes: Specify the desired number of clusters/classes.

o Typical values range from 5 to 15, depending on the landscape complexity.

• Output Classified Raster: Specify the output file name and location.

• Output Signature File (Optional): Save the signature file if you plan to refine or

use it in subsequent steps.

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Step 4: Run the Tool

1. Click Run to execute the tool.

2. The tool clusters pixels into the specified number of classes based on their

spectral properties.

Step 5: Visualize the Results

• The output raster will display the clustered classes.

• Classes are assigned arbitrary color schemes (unique values renderer).

• Inspect the classes to determine if they make sense based on your

knowledge of the area.

Step 6: Post-Processing (Optional)

• Reclassify Classes: If needed, use the Reclassify tool to group or assign

meaningful labels to classes (e.g., water, vegetation, built-up).

• Accuracy Assessment: Though unsupervised classification does not use training

data, you can compare it with reference data (ground truth) to assess accuracy.

• Export Data: Save the classified raster in a desired format for reporting or further

analysis.