Week 32
3/18-3/22
Agenda 3/19
So you survived cancer - let’s talk about sex.
HW - Mitosis/Cancer Summative Assessment Thurs, 3/21
On Cancer and Its Devilry
Get out yo’ notebooks
Get out Cell Cycle booklets.
Warm-up!
Tell me … which patient(s) might have cancer?
Explain why.
Use your booklet, avoid using your notes.
Patient samples - cancerous or not? | ||||
Blood Sample | # in G1 | # in S | # in G2 | # in Mitosis |
Positive Sample | 32% | 20% | 30% | 18% |
Negative Sample | 74% | 13% | 10% | 3% |
Patient #1 | 21 | 2 | 2 | 4 |
Patient #2 | 11 | 7 | 4 | 5 |
Patient #3 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 1 |
Patient #4 | 40 | 21 | 39 | 18 |
Mitosis isn’t happening like it should.
Chromosomes going all over the place…
Note: Vinblastine acts like Colchicine does. Blue = DNA. Green = spindles
Hard to see? Try these:
Blue = DNA
Red = spindles
Hard to see? Try these:
Blue = DNA
Red = spindles
What will the consequences of this bizarre cell division be?
Hard to see? Try these:
Blue = DNA
Red = spindles
Many cells, none with the right number of chromosomes.
What’ll that do?
Hard to see? Try these:
Blue = DNA
Red = spindles
Probably kill them.
This is what most chemotherapy is:
Exploit how cancer cells divide
Cancer cells divide a LOT
If you can break mitosis
Cancer cells can’t be made
Success!
Add to your booklet: a flipbook page
Go to one of the stages that has the mitotic spindle (candy to whomsoever can find the stages)
Add to your booklet: a flipbook page
Draw what happens if the mitotic spindles don’t do their job properly (because of, say, a drug like colchicine).
Repeat for telophase and / or cytokinesis - what weird shenanigans happen?
But then, why did Betty die?
Look at your wee cancer worksheet.
What else divides besides cancer cells?
A lot of the rest of you, especially if it comes in contact with the outside world.
A lot of the rest of you, especially if it comes in contact with the outside world.
Would a doctor-in-training like Connor Bowman have known about these consequences?
BUT!
Keep something important in mind:
All people are innocent until proven guilty
Recap:
Look at Ovary Cancer cells.
What stage(s) of the cell cycle are they rushing through?
Come up with 3 reasons why the daughters cells will not be perfect clones.
Let’s get ready for the formative
Take out a piece of paper
Need pencil/eraser, calculator (phone is fine)
Here are two cells. What cell cycle stages are they in?
A
B
Here are cells during Interphase. What is it doing during Interphase?
The chances of getting cancer is hereditary (can be passed to offspring)
Billy Joe Bob is worried about his chances for lymphoma, a type of blood cancer.
Both Billy Joe Bob’s parents were tested.
Should Billy Joe Bob be worried about his risks for cancer? Why?
% = (# cells in phase) / (total #)
Sample | Cells in Interphase | Cells in Mitosis |
Pa Joe Bob | 73 | 15 |
Ma Joe Bob | 76 | 4 |
Cancer Sample | 84.6% | 15.4% |
Normal Sample | 95.1% | 4.9% |
Make a model
Make a model of the cell cycle; include checkpoints.
Make a model of the cell cycle … but now the cell has become cancerous.
How are cancer cells different from normal ones?
Which cell will multiply more in the future?
Why?
Let’s Grade Others.
Trade.
I don’t care who you trade with, but you aren’t going to grade your own.
Was your book useful?
Did it have info in it?
If yes - great job!
If no - improve
Make it betta’
Instructions on Canvas, go forth!
Break
Let’s try this one on for size:
Solve this:
Let’s try this one on for size:
Solve this:
Oh look, there it is :>
Solve this:
Punnett Squares!
So many of you remember punnett squares fondly.
Because nerds! <3
When mommy and daddy love each other very much…
They knock boots and mix up their sex cells.
What kind of bébé will they make?
You can predict that.
You can predict what kind of bébé’s they can make based on ma and pa’s traits.
For example:
Ma has brown hair.
Pa has yellow hair.
What kind of hair can bébé have?
For example:
Ma has brown hair.
Pa has yellow hair.
What kind of hair can bébé have?
Probably brown or yellow, maybe brown-yellow?
We can figure out the % of children with a trait
Ma is Bb (Brown Hair)
Pa is bb (yellow hair)
Make a punnett square and go!
| |
| |
B b
We can even figure out the % of children with a trait
Ma is Bb (Brown Hair)
Pa is bb (yellow hair)
Make a punnett square and go!
B b
b
b
Bb | bb |
Bb | bb |
We can even figure out the % of children with a trait
Bébé chances?
__% brown hair
__% yellow hair
B b
b
b
Bb | bb |
Bb | bb |
We can even figure out the % of children with a trait
Bébé chances?
50% brown hair
50% yellow hair
B b
b
b
Bb | bb |
Bb | bb |
Look, it isn’t hard to do punnett squares
But understanding them is another problem.
B b
b
b
Bb | bb |
Bb | bb |
Look, it isn’t hard to do punnett squares
By the end of this unit, my goal is that you will:
B b
b
b
Bb | bb |
Bb | bb |
Punnett Squares! Meet Sperm & Egg
What does the Punnett Square represent?
Egg and Sperm combinations
And what’s inside the punnett square?
Bébé possibilities
B b
b
b
Bb | bb |
Bb | bb |
Egg & Sperm are…
Sex cells
DNA Delivery vehicles
What’s Inside? Let’s look more closely at what they’re delivering…
Chromosomes
DNA
Genes
Alleles
Mitosis/Cancer Summative Assessment
Please put your phone in the holder on DND, off, airplane, silent, whatever
Need a pencil/eraser
Need a calculator (not your phone)
Need your wee book
Please put desks in rows
Hold on to your test until time
Agenda 3/21
We’re gonna model this out
There’s a lot of weird vocab here.
Helps to draw it out a bit.
What makes eggs and sperm different?
Part 1
Part 2
Part 3
Part 4
Part 5
Start on the macro scale.
Let’s start with sex cells (plural).
They’ve got:
Part 1
Let’s go a bit smaller
Zoom in on the nucleus
It’s got:
Part 2
Color Code!
What do chromosomes do?
Chromosomes are a cell’s instruction manual
Let’s go a bit smaller
Zoom in on a pair of homologous chromosomes
They’re made of:
Part 3
Color Code!
Hold up. Homologous? Quick, lookitup!
Homologous = shared ancestry / origin
Homologous chromosomes are chromosomes that share the same origin.
Chromosome 1 is homologous to 1.
2 is homologous to 2…
What makes scientists say they have the same origin (are homologous)? Because of shared genes.
Let’s go a bit smaller
Zoom in on those chromosomes.
They’re made of:
Part 4
Color Code!
What are genes? They tell cells what to do.
Organisms in species should, in theory, all have the same genes.
Quick research: dairy is a funny thing. A single gene can determine if someone can digest it. Find the gene.
What’s its name?
What’s its job?
When someone can’t digest dairy, this is what they feel like…
Let’s go a bit smaller
Zoom in on those genes.
They are classified as being…
Part 5
Color Code!
Chromosomes
What are alleles? They’re the varieties of genes.
Lactase gene has a lot of “alleles”
Some alleles allow for drinking milk only as a baby.
Some alleles, only in childhood.
Some alleles, all the way into adulthood!
Let’s practice these words a bit. Consider these sex cells.
Do they have the same number of nuclei?
Do they have the same number of chromosomes?
Do they contain the same genes?
Do they contain the same alleles?
Let’s practice these words a bit. Consider these sex cells.
Do they have the same number of nuclei?
Do they have the same number of chromosomes?
Do they contain the same genes?
Do they contain the same alleles?
Yes - 1
Yes - 23
Yes … hopefully
Probably not
Twins!
Do these two share the same genes? Alleles?
The alleles ma and pa gave you are not always the same.
And they aren’t always equal.
Take a look at these two…
And watch’n’listen to their origin story:
We’re gonna learn the basics of genetics through this family (yay~)
Head to Canvas to read up on’em and answer some q’s about them.
Break
The mother was a hybrid (viva hybrids!)
What was her phenotype like?
Why was she able to give birth to both fair-skinned and dark-skinned daughters?
The mother was a hybrid (viva hybrids!)
Ma’s phenotype was dark skinned
But her genotype was heterozygous…
Her dark skin allele dominated her light skin allele
The mother was a hybrid (viva hybrids!)
Some alleles are DOMINANT
If you have it, it shows
Some alleles are recessive
You need 2 pairs / can’t have a dominant to see it
So,
Math and science tell us we can predict how often we get certain results from a “cross” (a.k.a. breeding, making bebe, family planning, etc.).
Our tool:
The Punnett Square
Our tool:
To predict the variety of eggs and sperm to be made :3
But hold up.
Isn’t the cell cycle supposed to make clones?
Why would eggs and sperms be different from one another?
We’ve got a different cycle to talk about.
Mitosis = 46 chromosome cell →
2x 46 chromosome cells, clones!
Good for:
Making more of you
Making MY TOES …es
We’ve got a different cycle to talk about.
Meiosis = 46 chromosome cell →
4x 23 chromosome cells, unique!
Good for:
making sperm and egg
making something new and different
Watch this gif for a bit
Is anything similar compared to mitosis?
Is anything different compared to mitosis?
Anything similar?
Phase (fase) names!
Making daughter cells!
Mitotic spindles!
Chromosomes!
Anything different?
4 daughter cells!?
Different chromosomes in cells.
Why are chromosomes a combo of colors?
Why are phases happening 2x?
What happens in meiosis is why YOU are different from your ma, pa, siblings*
This is meiosis. It is not mitosis.
Title Page!
Here’s what we’ll make:
This is a picture
This is notes
This is a picture
This is notes
This is a picture
This is notes
Cell Cycle:
1st slide: interphase (2 slides)
We’ll give our cell 6 chromosomes - 3 from ma, 3 from pa.
First page of Interphase: before S
Second page: after S
Now each chromosome has a sister…
Let’s do together!
2nd Card:
Prophase I
Notice the difference in color (get two VERY different colors when you’re doing this)
Homologous chromosomes are CROSSING OVER, exchanging genetics (DNA, genes, alleles).
How show crossing over? Chromosomes change color.
3rd Card:
Metaphase I
Homologous chromosomes are paired up.
Sister chromatids are attached to each other
The order of red / blue is random
4th Card:
Anaphase I
Homologous chromosomes split up
Are chromosomes only 1 color?
Why / why not? (hint: see Prophase I)
5th Card:
Telophase I + cytokinesis
New daughter cells are made!
Count the number of chromosomes in each cell - how many are in each cell?
6th Card:
Prophase II
How many cells are we keeping track of?
How is Prophase II just like Prophase I?
How is Prophase II not like Prophase I?
7th Card:
Metaphase II
The Chromosomes are lined up at the center of the cell.
How is this different from Metaphase I?
8th Card:
Anaphase II
The Sisters are broken up!
How is this different from Anaphase I?
9th Card:
Telophase II + cytokinesis
2 sets of new cells are forming.
How many cells did Meiosis make, total?
How many chromosomes are in each cell?
Practice!
What do with this?
We practice.
Muchly.
We’re gonna MODEL it.
By cooking.
Cookies.
This is a general idea:
https://www.tiktok.com/t/ZTL8S8Y9y/
But we’re going to do:
MEIOSIS not miTOEsis
IF YOU ARE ALLERGIC TO:
DAIRY
GLUTEN
WHEAT
NUTS (tree, peanut, etc.)
EGGS
ETC.
DON’T DO THIS LAB!
Our supplies - what we’re gonna use to make cookies and model meiosis. Groups of 4 (yes, 4).