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FAA Part 107 UAS Remote Pilot Prep- Part 1

Regulations, Crew Management, Airspace

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Introductions

  • Tell us where you're from, what you're studying/working on
  • Why you are interested in drones, what you anticipate doing with UAS
  • If you have any experience with drones

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Part 1 Regulations

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Rules Crash course

  • If you fly for work, you need a license
  • If you fly for hobby you still need to know the rules
    • No flights within 5 miles of an airport or helipad
    • No flights over 400ft
    • No flights at night
    • No flights over people
  • Every drone over 0.55 lbs needs to be registered

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Acronyms and Terms

  • See handout- lots of em!

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Main Reference Documents

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Recreational UAS- 14 CFR Part 101

  • For recreation must be as a hobby, not for work
  • Operations under community-based safety guidelines, ie American Model Aeronautics (AMA)
  • Weight less than 55lbs
  • Cannot interfere with manned aircraft and must give way to manned aircraft
  • Not flown within 5 miles of an airport, unless air traffic control gives permission
  • FAA use of “airport” includes seaplane bases, private airports, and helipads (hospitals).
  • Registration of drones between 0.55-55 lbs
  • Must be at least 13 years old to register a UAS
  • The Recreational UAS Safety Test (TRUST) (faa.gov)

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Commercial Operations- need a remote pilot certificate 14 CFR Part 107

  • 14 CFR Part 107
    • Must be at least 16 years old
    • License good for 2 years (24 months), renew for free online here: Activities, Courses, Seminars & Webinars - Course Overview - FAA - FAASTeam - FAASafety.gov
    • Commercial Use Requires a UAV Pilot License
    • All Drones 0.55lbs to 55lbs Must be Registered. Registration good for 3 years.
    • Total Weight < 55 lbs (note: on test might get question and answer is under 55lbs (ie. 54.9), not 55lbs or less)
    • Daylight Flight Only (can get waivers), can fly 30 mins before and after civil sunrise/sunset IF you have anti-collision lights visible for 3 statute miles
    • Flight within Sight Only (can get waivers)
    • New: Flight Over People and At Night (under certain conditions)
    • No Flight Over 400 Feet (exception: surveys of towers/buildings allowed 400 feet above top, within a 400 foot radius)
    • No Flight within 500’ below clouds, and within 2000’ vertical from clouds
    • No Flight faster than 100 MPH
    • No Flight with less than 3 statue miles visibility at flight altitude

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UAS Registration Questions

  • Under what condition would a small UA not have to be registered before it is operated in the United States?
    • When the aircraft has a takeoff weight that is more than 0.55lbs, not including fuel and necessary attachments
    • When the aircraft weighs less than 0.55lbs on takeoff, including everything that is onboard or attached to the aircraft
    • All small UAS need to be registered regardless of the weight of the aircraft before, during, or after the flight
  • According to 14 CRF part 48, when would a sUAS owner not be permitted to register it?
    • All persons must register their sUAS
    • If the owner does not have a valid US driver’s license
    • The owner is less than 13 years of age
  • Every sUAS must be registered when it meets one of the following criteria
    • When the aircraft is intended to be used for fun
    • When the aircraft is to be used commercially
    • When the aircraft weighs more than 0.55lbs, irrespective of its planned use

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Flight Over People

  • Normally not allowed unless the person is directly involved in the flight, or within a vehicle or structure that would protect them
  • Category 1- can fly over people if the drone is less than 0.55 lbs (250 grams), if flight is “sustained” over people, you need Remote ID
  • Category 2- for drones that do not have an airworthiness certificate, greater than 0.55 lbs, need RID, will not cause more than 11 ft/lbs of kinetic energy to a person, and does not contain rotating parts that could lacerate human skin. UAS must meet a means of compliance (MOC) and be listed on a Declaration of Compliance (DOC).
  • Category 3- flight over “open-air assemblies of people”. Only if operation using RID, is within a restricted access site and people know there may be a drone over them OR the flight in not “sustained” and the people are under a covered structure that would protect them from a falling UAS. Will not cause more than 25 ft/lbs of kinetic energy to a person, and does not contain rotating parts that could lacerate human skin. UAS must meet a means of compliance (MOC) and be listed on a Declaration of Compliance (DOC).
  • Category 4- UAS has an airworthiness certificate, using RID. Allows sustained flight over people. PIC must retain maintence records for at least 1 year.
  • For categories 2-4 the UAS must be labeled to say what categories it is eligible for.

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Flight Over People Questions

  • Which category of flight over people, when not sustained, does not require remote ID?
    • Category 1
    • Category 4
    • Category 3
  • Which category of flight over people requires an airworthiness certificate?
    • All categories require an airworthiness certificate
    • Category 4
    • Category 3
  • Which category of flight over people requires labeling to state what category of flight it is eligible for?
    • All categories must be labeled
    • Categories 2-4
    • Category 4
  • Which categories of flight over people require an FAA accepted DOC?
    • Categories 1 and 2
    • Categories 2 and 3
    • Categories 1 and 4

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Flight at Night

  • Required: lights visible from 3 stature miles, at a flash rate sufficient to avoid collision
  • Only in VLOS, so smaller area from the control station than normal
  • Survey the area during the day to ensure there are no obstacles
  • To avoid night blind spots look 5-10 deg. off center to help compensate for a night blind spot. The night blind spot occurs in the center of your field of vision
  • Avoid looking at bright lights. It takes about 30 minutes for eyes to adjust to darkness after exposure to bright lights..
  • Assign one or more visual observers
  • Establish a night landing area, with lights if possible
  • If you cannot determine the location of the UAS relative to another aircraft immediately land the UAS

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Flight at Night Questions

  • According to 14 CFR part 107, what is required to operate a sUAS within 30 minutes after civil sunset or at night
    • Use of a transponder
    • Use of lighted landing area
    • Anticollision lights visible for 3 statue miles, blinking at a sufficient rate to avoid collision
  • To avoid night blindness, a PIC should
    • Wear eye protection
    • Look 5-10 degrees off of your center of vision
    • Look 15-25 degrees off of your center of vision
  • If a PIC flying at night cannot determine the location of the UAS relative to another aircraft, the PIC should
    • Bring the aircraft back into VLOS as soon as is practicable
    • Land immediately
    • Execute the return to home function
  • When may a PIC reduce the intensity of aircraft lights during a night flight?
    • At no time may the intensity of the lights be reduced
    • When the manned aircraft is in the vicinity of the UAS
    • When it is in the interest of safety to dim the aircraft lights

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Section 333 Exemption

  • Need to obtain from FAA to fly a drone > 55 lbs
  • Risk based approach to determine whether an airworthiness certificate is required to operate drone
  • In some cases, when flying at a model aircraft sight under Academy of Model Aeronautics (AMA) regulations you can fly drones >55lbs
  • https://suas.modelaircraft.org/ama/images/sUAS_Safety_Program_web.pdf

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14 CFR Part 89-Remote ID

  • Remote Identification- basically digital license plate connecting the UAS FAA registration, the location of the control station and UAS, speed and altitude of UAS.
  • This can be built into the drone or added as a module to a drone
  • In (FRIA’s) FAA-recognized identification areas- model aircraft clubs, educational institutions this requirement is exempted. https://faa.maps.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=9c2e4406710048e19806ebf6a06754ad
  • This went into effect in Sept. 2022 for manufacturers, and Sept. 2023 (delayed) for pilots.

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Remote ID Questions

  • Under which conditions is Remote ID not required?
    • When the pilot has the part 107 certification
    • When the flight is in unregulated airspace
    • When the flight is in a federally recognized identification area
  • Under which operational condition may you be approved to fly without remote ID?
    • If the operation is in a FAA-recognized identification area outside line of sight
    • If the operation is conducted for aeronautical research
    • If the operation is being conducted at 400’ AGL
  • Where must a small unmanned aircraft’s serial number be listed when using either standard RID or a broadcast module?
    • The aircraft’s Document of Compliance
    • The manufacturer’s Method of Compliance
    • The Certificate of Aircraft Registration

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Other CFRs

  • 14 CFR Part 47- Aircraft registration
  • 14 CFR Part 48- Registration and marking requirements for UAS
  • 14 CFR Part 71- Designation of Class A, B, C, D, and E airspace areas, air traffic service routes and reporting points
  • 14 CFR Part 61- Certification: Pilots, flight instructors, and ground instructors
  • 14 CFR Part 21- For UAS manufactures who have obtained airworthiness certification

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FAA Certificates of Waiver or Authorization (COA)

  • Need to submit lengthy application
  • More rigorous reporting/record keeping than Part 107

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CFR Questions

  • According to 14 CFR part 48, when must a person register a sUAS with the FAA?
    • All civilian sUAS weighing greater than 0.55lbs must be registered regardless of its intended use
    • Only when the operator will be paid for commercial services
    • When the sUAS is used for any purpose other than as a model aircraft
  • 14 CFR part 61 concerns
    • UAS over 55lbs
    • Manned aircraft pilots obtaining their part 107 certification
    • Airspace designations
  • 14 CFR part 71 concerns
    • UAS over 55lbs
    • Manned aircraft pilots obtaining their part 107 certification
    • Airspace designations

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Unmanned Aircraft General (UAG) Test

  • Topics:
    • Regulations
    • Airspace
    • Weather
    • Aircraft loading
    • Effects of drugs/alcohol
    • Aeronautical decision making (ADM)
    • Airport operations
    • Maintenance/inspection requirements

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Part 107 General

  • Definitions: Control Station, Corrective Lenses, sUAS, UA, Visual Observer
  • Visual observer (VO) looking for obstacles to flight. If flying first person viewer (FPV), need a VO
  • Falsification: Don’t mess with documents. Maximum penalty= suspension or revocation of any certificate held
  • Inspection: If FAA asks you need to show license, documents, or allow inspection of UAS
  • Accident Reporting: PIC has 10 calendar days to file a FAA report if:
    • Serious injury (requires overnight hospital stay, broken bone beyond nose, finger, toe, hemorrhages, nerve, muscle, or tendon damage, internal organ, second or third degree burn) of knocked out
    • Damage including labor and materials to repair over $500 (for calculation drone cost not included)
    • The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) must be notified immediately, and a report required within 10 days, flying Part 107, if:
      • Death or serious injury
      • Aircraft weighs over 300 lbs and has substantial damage (structural strength, performance, or flight characteristics)
      • Fly-away
      • Crew injury
      • Inflight fire
      • Aircraft collision
      • $25,000 damage to property
      • Damage to helicopter
      • Aircraft overdue and believed to be in an accident

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Reporting Requirement Questions

  • A small UA causes an accident and your crew member loses consciousness. When do you report the accident to the FAA
    • When requested by the UA owner
    • No accidents need to be reported
    • Within 10 days of the accident
  • Your UAS is valued at $1100 has a failure and crashes into property valued at $900 and causes some damage. The repair will cost $350. How do you report to the FAA?
    • No need to report because the damage repair cost less than $500
    • The accident must be reported within 10 days
    • The accident must be reported within 30 days
  • During the course of a flight, the UAS causes damage of over $25,000 to property. The PIC is responsible to
    • Report to the FAA within 10 days
    • Report to the NTSB immediately and file a report with the FAA within 10 days
    • Report to the FAA immediately

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Part 107 Operating Rules 1

  • Need a license if flying for work- commercial operations
  • Applies to civil operations. Not public and military.
  • PIC responsible for flight. Can hand off controls to trainees, but must be able to immediately take control if needed. Needs to brief team on safety procedures, inspect UAS, performance of UAS
  • Register drones- recreational or work, any drone over 0.55 lbs must be registered
  • PIC must inspect UAS for safety before each flight
  • Medical conditions: PIC, visual observer, or direct participant, must not have a physical or mental condition that would interfere with safety. PIC responsible for determining medical fitness to fly.
  • RPIC responsible for following the rules, ensure no hazard to people/property/aircraft
  • Inflight emergency: In an urgent emergency that requires immediate response, a PIC can deviate from any rule (ie fly higher than 400 AGL). If requested you must send a report to FAA.
  • Hazardous operations: don’t flight recklessly, don’t drop stuff that may damage property
  • Ops from a moving vehicle or aircraft: do not fly a drone from your car. You can fly from a car or boat sparsely populated areas and if you are not transporting property for hire

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Moving Vehicle, Dropping Questions

  • You plan to release golf balls from your sUAS at an altitude of 100 ft AGL. You must ensure the objects being dropped will
    • Not cause property damage in excess of $300
    • Land within 10 ft of the expected landing zone
    • Not create an undue hazard to persons or property
  • According to the part 107 rules, operations of a drone from a moving vehicle is allowed only if this condition is satisfied
    • It is done by a part-107 licensed drone pilot
    • It is done over a sparsely populated area
    • The drone remains within visual line of sight
  • A PIC can operate a UAS from a moving aircraft when
    • There is not an undue hazard to persons or property
    • The PIC is not the pilot of the moving aircraft
    • The PIC is not allowed to fly a UAS from a moving aircraft

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Part 1o7 Operating Rules 2

  • Alcohol and drugs- for PIC or any crew, no flight within 8 hrs of drinking, 0.04 % by weight or more alcohol content in blood, no UAS drug delivery. If you deny an alcohol or drug test, certificate can be suspended or revoked
  • Daylight operations only- 30 minutes before official sunrise to 30 min after- if you have anti-collision lights that can be seen from at least 3 miles
  • VLOS- Visual Line of Sight- unaided (no binoculars) PIC or Visual Observer must see UAV, know altitude and direction of flight, and monitor airspace for hazards
  • Visual Observer- must communicate with PIC see the UAS and any flight status info, monitor for hazards
  • Multiple UAS- No person can be a PIC or VO for more than one UAS at a time
  • Hazmat- No transport of hazardous materials. Batteries are considered hazardous, but not if powering drone.
  • Operations near aircraft- UAS must give way to aircraft, avoid flying near any aircraft or other UAS
  • Operations over humans- Don’t fly over humans unless they are a crewmember (PIC, VO, participant), or are in a covered structure or stationary vehicle
  • Ops in Controlled Airspace-
    • Class G and Class E (not surface based ) = Do not need air traffic control permission
    • Class B,C, D, and surface based Class E = Do need air traffic control permission

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Drugs and alcohol questions

  • After having beer with dinner, your client asks you to go outside to demonstrate the sUAS capabilities. You must
    • Not operate a small UA within 8hrs of consuming any alcoholic beverages
    • Ensure that your BAC is less than 0.4%
    • Ensure there are no hazards to people or property
  • The refusal of a PIC to submit to a blood alcohol test when requested by a law enforcement officer
    • Results in a 3-year suspension of the remote pilot certificate
    • Is grounds for suspension or revocation of the remote pilot certificate
    • Has no consequences to the remote pilot certificate
  • The blood alcohol limit for UAS operations is
    • 0.4%
    • 0.04%
    • 0.004%

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Part 107 Operating Rules 3

  • Ops near airports without control towers: cannot interfere with operations/traffic patterns at airport, helipad, seaplane base (includes police, television, hospitals, etc.)
  • Ops in restricted areas: cannot fly around white house, national parks, military, prisons without permission, which you probably will not get
  • PIC must comply with NOTAMs: no flight around disasters, sport events, fires, and must check for NOTAMs around potential flight areas
  • Preflight inspection: PIC must evaluate surface and air for risks to people/property, check local weather, airspace, NOTAMs, go over contingency/emergency plans with crew, battery power, payloads secured
  • Operation limits:
    • Max speed 100 mph
    • Max altitude AGL 400’ – unless flying over a structure then can fly 400’ over top, for a 400’ radius
    • Minimum flight visibility 3 statue miles (not ground visibility)
    • Clouds: stay 500’ below and 2000’ horizontally

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Part 107 Operating Rules 4

  • Flying a UAS from a moving vehicle or boat
    • Only in sparsely populated area, only when not carrying property for hire, no operating UAS while on an aircraft
  • Dropping objects from UAS
    • Only in a manner that creates undue hazard to people and property
  • If you lose VLOS for a small segment of a flight
    • Reroute to maintain VLOS
  • Who processes and application for Part 107?
    • Designated Pilot Examiner
  • UAS must give way to all other aircraft, and if a collision is anticipated PIC must adjust the UAS course.
  • Package delivery- only in VLOS, there are currently no waivers to this rule
  • You can deviate from rules (fly over 400’) if it is an in-flight emergency. If requested, you must file a detailed report to the FAA administrator.
  • If the UAS collides with a bird or wildlife, file an accident report to the FAA
  • Guy wires supporting antenna towers can extend 1,500 ft horizontally from structures, so stay 2000’ horizontal away
  • FAA reports that most midair collision accidents (81%) occur in clear skies with high visibility
  • If two UAS are converging head on, both aircraft should adjust course to the right

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Part 107 Remote Pilot Certification

  • Alcohol/Drug Offenses- if convicted license can be suspended and deny certificate application for a year, have to wait 1 year after a narcotic conviction to apply
  • Marijuana- if caught FAA will issue an immediate suspension or revocation of certificate.
  • Breathalyzer- If you refuse police or FAA request your license could be suspended or revoked. Can not fly if blood alcohol level is greater than 0.04.
  • Requirements:
    • At least 16 years old
    • Must read, speak, understand English
    • No physical or mental conditions that would interfere with safe ops
    • Pass a Remote Pilot Knowledge Test (Unmanned Aircraft General-UAG)- passing = > 70 %, bring ID
    • Manned aircraft pilots 14 CFR Part 61- complete an online training course by the FAA
  • Don’t cheat on test, if you don’t pass, you have to wait 14 days to retake
  • License issuance- pass test, submit application, get a temporary cert (120 days)
  • Renewal- retake (shorter, free) test every 2 years
  • Name or address change- report to FAA within 30 days
  • Voluntary surrender- can give back you license if you want or if the FAA asks you to

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Numbers Questions

  • The part 107 certification needs to be renewed every
    • 5 years
    • 3 years
    • 2 years
  • UAS registration needs to be renewed every
    • 5 years
    • 3 years
    • 2 years
  • The minimum age to register a UAS is
    • 13 years
    • 16 years
    • 18 years
  • The minimum age to get the part 107 certification is
    • 13 years
    • 16 years
    • 18 years

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Part 107 Waivers

  • Types: https://www.faa.gov/uas/commercial_operators/part_107_waivers/
  • Moving aircraft/vehicle in populated area
  • BVLOS
  • Drone swarms
  • Yielding right of way
  • > 100mph, >400’, <3 statute mile vis, closer than 500’ vert or 2000’ hor from clouds
  • Apply at least 90 days before planned operations
  • FAA will approve if they decide operations can be safely conducted under the terms of the waiver
  • Good webinars about process

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State/Local Regulations

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Privacy

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Regulation Test Examples

  • To operate a sUAS up to 400’ AGL limit, what is the necessary minimum weather requirement that must be met?
    • A) 900 foot ceiling and 3 mile visibility
    • B) Cloud must be clear and 4 mile visibility
    • C) 1500 foot ceiling and 2 mile visibility
  • What is the min. altitude requirement for a PIC to fly a drone over people except for necessity like when landing or during takeoff?
    • A) 400 feet AGL within a radius of 800 ft
    • B) Not allowed to operate sUAS over people that are not participating in the operation
    • C) None of the above
  • To prevent a likely accident (collision) with a manned airplane, a UAS rose to an altitude surpassing 600 ft AGL. Who should be the one to report to?
    • A) Upon request of the FAA
    • B) The NTSB
    • C) ATC

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Part 2 Crew and Risk Management

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Crew Resource Management (CRM)

  • Must be integrated into all phases of flight- briefing, inspection, emergency procedures, maintenance, etc.
  • Safety is important, to prevent accidents use CRM
  • The PIC is in charge but crewmembers are obligated to point out errors, omissions, or other hazardous instances
  • Effective use of all resources- human, hardware, and information prior to and during a flight
  • Situational awareness is the accurate perception and understanding of all the risk element factors and conditions

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Risk Matrix

  • Risk management methodologies are used to prevent the “final link in the accident chain”.
  • Part of the decision making process that relies on situational awareness, problem recognition, and good judgement to reduce risks.

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Risk Factors

  • Hyperventilation- breathing too much, light-headed
    • Due to emotional tension, stress, anxiety, or fear
    • Fix with slow breathing
  • Alcohol- affects judgement and decision-making, hangover= still under influence
  • Fatigue- also affects judgement. Fatigue can be recognized as being in an impaired state
    • Fatigue can be acute (short-term) or chronic (long-term).
    • Dangerous because it may not be apparent until serious errors are made
  • Prescription analgesics (codine) and antihistamines (bendryl) cause drowsiness
  • Nearly all medications (prescription and over the counter) have the potential for adverse side effects in some people

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Minimizing Risk

  • Maintain situational awareness, problem recognition, and good judgement
  • Recognize hazardous altitudes and situations
  • Develop standard operating procedures that emphasize safety
  • Best way to mitigate risk is to establish an operational procedure guideline
  • To fly safely the pilot needs to assess the degree of risk and determine the best course of action to mitigate the risk

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CRM and Risk Questions

  • Part of the aeronautical decision making (ADM) process involves risk management, which depends on one of these options to reduce flight risks
    • Situational awareness, recognition of problems, and good judgement
    • Mental proficiency in information evaluation and quick decision making
    • Applying stress management properties
  • Fatigue can be in different forms. I can be either
    • Mental or physical
    • Psychological or physiological
    • Acute or chronic
  • A pilot’s ability to fly will almost certainly be affected by
    • Prescription analgesics & antihistamines
    • Antibiotic drugs
    • No medication can affect pilot performance

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Flyaway

  • UAS does not respond to control inputs and does not execute lost link maneuvers (return to home).
  • Short periods of loss of link between PIC and UAS are not flyaways
  • Most commonly occurs when controller is not in proper setting (ie. Not using GPS and barometer) or frequency interference from other UAS
  • If you have a flyaway immediately notify all crewmembers, bystanders, and the ATC (if applicable)
  • Frequency interference is a common cause of flyaways

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Flyaway Questions

  • sUAS flyaway events are commonly caused by
    • Frequency interference
    • Loss of communication
    • Loss of GPS signal
  • What should a PIC do when GPS signal is lost (lost-link)?
    • PIC should contact ATC and NTSB immediately
    • PIC should file a report within 10 days if requested by the FAA
    • PIC should continue to operate normally, noting to account for any control changes if GPS is lost
  • In the course of a flyaway event, the PIC has the responsibility to take one of the following actions
    • Notify all crewmembers, bystanders, and the ATC (if applicable) without delay
    • Notify law enforcement immediately
    • Notify NTSB without delay

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Maintenance

  • Use manufacturer guidance to find specifics of what on UAS needs to be maintained and when.
  • If the manufacturer does not have a maintenance schedule/guide, then the PIC should create one
  • Do not use or charge bulging batteries! Damaged batteries could cause an inflight fire. Follow manufacturer’s guidelines for disposal.
  • Replace the batteries per the guidelines of the UAS manufacturer or battery manufacturer, whichever is more restrictive
  • Preflight inspection before each flight- thorough and systematic means recommended by the manufacturer
  • If a propeller has a nick, remove an replace the propeller and consult the manufacture guidelines for repair, if any

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Maintenance Questions

  • Under what condition should the operator of a UAS establish a scheduled maintenance protocol?
    • When the manufacturer does not provide a maintenance schedule
    • UAS does not need a required maintenance schedule
    • When the FAA requires you to, following an accident
  • When a PIC need to check the expected battery flight time for a UAS, the PIC should check
    • Aeronautical Information Manual
    • The manufacturer’s user guide
    • The weather
  • Who is responsible to ensure the UAS is in safe operating condition?
    • The owner
    • The visual observer
    • The RPIC

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Scanning the sky

  • Incremental scanning of sky, not continuous back and forth.
  • Systematically focus on different sections of the sky for short intervals
  • A series of short regularly spaced eye movements scanning 10 degree segments of the sky

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Personality Traits

  • Aeronautical decision making (ADM) addresses 5 hazardous attitudes:
    • Macho- show off, risk taking. I can do it, antidote= taking chances is foolish
    • Impulsivity- fly first, think later, antidote= proper planning, think first
    • Invulnerability- can’t happen to me, antidote= yes it can
    • Resignation- it doesn’t matter, antidote= yes you are in control
    • Anti-authority- rule breaker, antidote= follow the rules

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Crew Resource Management Test Questions

  • The hazardous attitude displayed by a remote PIC while taking risks to impress or prove he/she is better than other people is known as
    • A) Invulnerability
    • B) Machoism
    • C) Impulsivity
  • When adapting the concepts of crew resource management (CRM) into the operation of UAS, CRM must be well integrated into
    • A) The flight phase only
    • B) All phases of operation
    • C) The communication aspect only
  • To fly safely, a PIC must consider this to avoid the final link in the accident chain
    • A) Risk Management
    • B) Crew resource management
    • C) Safety management practices

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Reference Materials

  • User Manual- In UAS referring to the DJI (or other brand) user manual, same for Maintenance Schedule (show example). If there is not a maintenance schedule you are supposed to make one.
  • Sectional Charts- charts of airspace
  • Chart Supplements (CS): details such as location of obstructions, power lines, bird activity, special notices, Frequencies of Air Route Traffic Control Centers, skydiving areas, airport diagrams, phone numbers of FAA Flight Standards offices and National Weather Service offices
  • Advisory Circulars (AC): basically written for lawyers, info on regulations, ie. Guidelines and standards for aircraft rescue and firefighting personnel
  • Notice to Airmen (NOTAMs): Time critical notices. Notices that might affect flight safety ie. Airport closure, temporary flight restrictions, radio frequency change. Available from your Flight Service Station briefer like pilotweb http://pilotweb.nas.faa.gov , http://1800WXBrief.com
    • AB   ALBUQUERQUE (ARTCC),NM.
    • !FDC 9/2811 ZAB NM..AIRSPACE FORT WINGATE, NM..TEMPORARY FLIGHT RESTRICTIONS WI AN AREA DEFINED AS 3 NM RADIUS OF 352557N1083705W (GALLUP VORTAC GUP088012.7) SFC-11000FT EXPLOSIVE DEMOLITION. PURSUANT TO 14 CFR SECTION 91.137(A)(1) TEMPORARY FLIGHT RESTRICTIONS ARE IN EFFECT. ONLY RELIEF ACFT OPS UNDER DIRECTION OF ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS ARE AUTH IN THE AIRSPACE. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS TELEPHONE 724-984-9397 IS IN CHARGE OF ON SCENE EMERG RESPONSE ACT. ALBUQUERQUE /ZAB/ ARTCC TELEPHONE 505-856-4591 IS THE FAA CDN FACILITY. 1905241500-1905242100
  • Notice to Airman Publication (NTAP): published every 28 days and includes all current NOTAM (D- for domestic) and FDC (Flight Data Center- regulatory NOTAMS) NOTAMs https://www.faa.gov/air_traffic/publications/atpubs/ntap/index.html
  • Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM)- navigation aids, aeronautical lighting and airport visual aids, airspace, air traffic control, air traffic procedures, emergency procedures, safety of flight, medical facts for pilots, aeronautical charts and related publications, helicopter operations

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Part 3 Airspace

Airspace elevations are generally given in above mean sea level (AMSL)

But class E starts at either 700 or 1200’ above ground level (AGL)

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Airspace

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Longitude and Latitude

  • Degrees 360°
  • Minutes 60‘ in a degree
  • Seconds 60“ in a minute
  • Latitude (± 90) like a ladder= degrees north or south of equator
  • Longitude (± 180)= degrees east or west of Greenwich, England
  • Lines of latitude called Parallels, lines of longitude called Meridians
  • Meridian length = 10,600 nm
  • 1 degree = 60 nm along meridian
  • 1 minute of latitude = 1nm
  • 1 minute of longitude = 1nm at equator, but very small at poles
  • At 40°N 1 degree longitude is 46nm

To get from decimal degrees to DM

There are 60 ticks (1 NM) per degree

So divide 60 by 10 = 6 ticks per .1 degree

45.4 degrees = 45 deg, 24 minutes

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Lat and Long Questions

  • What is 46.9N and 98.6W in DM?
    • 46 deg, 54 min N, 98 deg, 36 min W
    • 46 deg, 50 min N, 98 deg, 32 min W
    • 46 deg, 48 min N, 98 deg, 40 min W
  • What is a degree of latitude?
    • The degrees north or south of the equator
    • The degrees east or west of Greenwich, England
    • The degrees east or west of the Prime Meridian
  • Which one is the correct statement about Latitude and Longitude?
    • The lines of longitude cross the equator at 90 degrees
    • Lines of longitude and the equator are parallel
    • The lines of latitude run from North to South

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Anchorage (ANC)

  • +61 ° 13’ 5” N, -149 ° 54’ 1” W
  • 61.1771, -149.9907
  • Magnetic Declination 16° East (2020)
  • https://www.1800wxbrief.com/Website/AirportInfo?id=ANC

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  • Airport Manager: 907-266-2600

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Missoula (MSO)

  • +45 ° 54’ 92” N, -114 ° 05’ 09” W
  • 45.9256, -114.0905
  • Magnetic Declination 13° East (2020)
  • https://www.1800wxbrief.com/Website/AirportInfo?id=MSO

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  • Airport Manager Brian Ellestad 406-728-4381

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Bert Mooney (BTM)

  • BTM- +45 ° 57 ‘29”, - 112°29’85”
  • DD 45.95805556, -112.50694444
  • Magnetic declination 12° E

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  • Helipad St. James: Lifeflight
  • http://www.airnav.com/airport/1MT8
  • Manager: Dave Fawcett, Phone 406-723-2500

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  • Practice determining DMS from Chart

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Time

  • Universal Time Coordinated, Greenwich, UK 0° longitude
  • UTC does not use daylight savings
  • Also known as Zulu Time
  • Each 15° W of Greenwich is 1hr
  • During Daylight savings Mar 10 –Nov 3 MT is -6hrs from UTC
  • Nov 3 to Mar 8 is -7hr UTC
  • Uses the 24hr format ie. 1400Z = 2pm in UK = 8 am in MT

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If you see a time with this symbol ‡ after

ie. 1200-0400Z‡ it means that daylight savings is

observed, so this would mean in MT that it is open

0500-2100 all year

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Miles and Airspeed

  • FAA uses all distance in nautical miles except visibility (given in statute miles)
  • Airspeed measured in knots, 1 knot = 1 nautical mile per hour, wind is given in knots
  • 1 nautical mile ≈ 6000 ft = 1 minute of latitude
  • 1nm = 1.15 statute miles
  • Let’s say we are flying 25 mph into directly into a 15 kt wind, what is our ground speed?
  • 15 kts = 17.26 mph, 25-17.26 mph = 7.74 mph= 12.46 kts
  • Wind correction angle is used to offset drift from wind direction
  • In manual UAS flights this is done visually, in automated flights this is done with GPS.

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Time and Speed Questions

  • The maximum groundspeed for a UAS is
    • 100 kts
    • 87 mph
    • 87 kts
  • How can the speed of an operation be determined when operating a UAS without GPS or a ground speed limiter?
    • Wind speed
    • Wind triangle
    • Dead reckoning
  • What is another name for Universal Time Coordinated (UTC)?
    • Military time
    • Zulu time
    • World time

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Compass Headings

  • Magnetic bearings

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Declination

  • Headings used by pilots use Magnetic North (what compass reads)
  • Wind direction from air traffic control tower are Magnetic
  • Charts are aligned with True North
  • Wind direction from aviation weather products are aligned with True North
  • For Butte magnetic declination is 12° East (east is least), if we measure a line on chart (true) to get a compass bearing (magnetic) we subtract 12°

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Magnetic or True North?

  • All sectional charts are mapped to True North, so bearings measured off a map will be True
  • The bearings on Victor airways are Magnetic
  • Runway numbers are Magnetic
  • For wind, it is mostly True degrees and recorded as what direction it is coming from
    • If you read it, it's true. If you hear it, it's magnetic.
    • All charts and textual sources (METAR, TAF, winds aloft, surface analysis charts, etc) use true north as the reference.
    • ATIS/AWOS/ASOS broadcasts, or any information a controller gives you over the radio, is magnetic.

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Sectional Chart = True

METAR Winds= True

Compass bearings= Magnetic

Runways= Magnetic

ATIS/AWOS/ASOS on Radio= Magnetic

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Chart Reading

  • Find radio frequencies
  • Airspace classifications
  • Height of terrain and obstructions
  • Skydiving areas
  • Military installations
  • Navigational Aids
  • Airports with control towers in BLUE, without in RED
  • Flag indicates a defined visual checkpoint (visual flight reference- VFR) used by planes to identify position and contact ATC = higher traffic
  • To find info on

R-2305, look on

The Special Use

Airspace section �of chart

In Class D, a neg

number means up

to but not including

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Chart Supplement Legend

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Chart Exercises Anchorage

  • 1) Find large blue number in boxes formed by lat and long in the quadrant SE of anchorage? Height above sea level to fly safely above terrain and human obstacles. What do they mean?
  • 2) What is the DM of Barabara Lake?
  • 3) Find Portage Pass, what is the symbol for a mountain pass?
  • 4) What are the elevation and height of the tower closest to Anchor River Airpark (near Homer)? What is the highest height AGL and ASL you could fly to survey the tower? What will your drone be reading in?
  • 5) What is the bearing if you were flying between Anchorage and Johnstone Point Airport (on Prince William Sound)? Is this bearing based on magnetic or true north?
  • 6) What is the elevation of the highest peak in the Chugach State Park? What is the safe altitude of flight in this quadrant? Could you fly a drone over the peak?
  • 7) How many nautical miles from Rainbow to ANC?
  • 8) What are the approximate bearings in true north and magnetic north from South Gasline Airport to ANC.
  • 9) What is UTC time now? In December?
  • 10) What is the frequency to hear weather at ANC? What is the common traffic advisory frequency?
  • 12) What is the length of the longest runway at ANC?
  • 13) What is the difference between airports in blue or in red?

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Chart Exercises Missoula

  • 1) Find large blue number in boxes formed by lat and long near Lolo Creek? Height above sea level to fly safely above terrain and human obstacles. What do they mean?
  • 2) What is the DM of the microwave tower near Placid Lake
  • 3) Find Lost Trail pass, what is the symbol for a mountain pass?
  • 4) What are the elevation and height of the Anaconda Smelter Stack?
  • 5) What is the bearing if you were flying between Helena Airport and Missoula? Is this bearing based on magnetic or true north?
  • 6) What is the elevation of the highest peak in the Anaconda Pintler wilderness area? What is the safe altitude of flight in this quadrant? Could you fly a drone over the peak?
  • 7) What is the difference between ASL and AGL? What will your drone be reading in?
  • 8) How many nautical miles from Petty Creek Airport to Missoula?
  • 9) What are the approximate bearings in true north and magnetic north from Lolo Pass to MSO.
  • 10) What is UTC time now? In December?
  • 11) What is the frequency to hear weather from MSO? What is the common traffic advisory frequency?
  • 12) What is the length of the longest runway at MSO?
  • 13) What is the difference between airports in blue or in red?

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Chart Exercises Butte

  • 1) Find large blue number in boxes formed by lat and long for Whitehall. Height above sea level to fly safely above terrain and human obstacles. What do they mean?
  • 2) What is the DM of Our Lady of the Rockies?
  • 3) Find Pipestone pass, what is the symbol for a mountain pass?
  • 4) What are the elevation and height of the Anaconda Smelter Stack?
  • 5) What is the bearing if you were flying between Helena Airport and Butte? Is this bearing based on magnetic or true north?
  • 6) What is the elevation of the highest peak in the Anaconda Pintler wilderness area? What is the safe altitude of flight in this quadrant? Could you fly a drone over the peak?
  • 7) What is the difference between ASL and AGL? What will your drone be reading in?
  • 8) How many nautical miles from Bert Mooney to the Berkeley Pit?
  • 9) What are the approximate bearings in true north and magnetic north from Bert Mooney to Discover Ski Area.
  • 10) What is UTC time now? In December?
  • 11) What is the frequency to hear weather from BTM? What is the common traffic advisory frequency?
  • 12) What is the length of the longest runway at BTM?
  • 13) What is the difference between airports in blue or in red?

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Navigational Aids (NAVAID)

  • Signals, marks, and guidance equipment, ie. beacons, towers, letter “M”
  • In naming convention, airports have 3 letter code (MSO), sometimes 4 letter with a “K” in front which means it is in the lower 48 US. (KMSO)
  • Auburn, WA is S50, and the number/letter combos don’t need a K
  • Sometimes NAVAIDs and Airports have the same 3 letter code. Billings has a NAVAID (BIL) 4 miles west of the airport (KBIL)
  • Very high-frequency omni-directional range (VOR), system of fixed ground radio beacons. Backup to GPS. Normally located at airports and along Victor/Federal Airways.

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Airport Traffic Patterns

  • Unless indicated in airport legend there is left hand traffic
  • All turns are to the left
  • If it says RP “Right Pattern”, it is opposite
  • If it says RP* you have to check the chart supplement (CS)
  • CS used to be called A/FD, airport facility directory

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Airspace

  • Class G = uncontrolled airspace
  • Class B, C, D, E = controlled airspace
  • Use Aloft App to get permission to fly in controlled airspace

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Airspace

  • FL means flight level in thousands so FL600 = 600,000 ft
  • Class A= 18,000’ to 60,000’ MSL, must get ATC authorization. No Drones except military. Need 2-way radio communications, a 4096-code transponder, and an encoding altimeter.
  • Class B= floor and ceiling variable, usually from surface to 18,000’ MSL, must get ATC authorization, class B airports have control towers. Doubtful you can get permission. Very large airports: JFK, LAX, etc. Need 2-way radio communications, a 4096-code transponder, and an encoding altimeter. 3 tiers.
  • Class C= floor and ceiling variable, usually it is surface up to 4,000’ MSL you must get ATC authorization, some towers only operate during certain hours, check the Chart Supplement to find hours, may change airspace when not operating. Need 2-way radio communications, a 4096-code transponder, and an encoding altimeter. Normal radius of Class C is 20 NM. 2 tiers.
  • Class D= floor 0’ ceiling typically 2500’ MSL, you must get ATC authorization. Has a control tower. Some towers only operate during certain hours, check the Chart Supplement to find hours, may change airspace when not operating
  • Class E= If not indicated differently floor 1200’ AGL up to and not including 18,000’. Sometime floor is 0’ or 700’ AGL. For surface need ATC authorization. Some towers only operate during certain hours, check the Chart Supplement to find hours, may change airspace when not operating. https://aeronav.faa.gov/afd/25apr2019/nw_104_25APR2019.pdf
  • Class G= “Uncontrolled Airspace”, exists where others do not. Surface to 700 or 1200’ AGL.
  • Victor Airways (Federal Airways) = “V” then route (V 86) lines connecting NAVAIDS 1200-18,000ft. 8 nautical miles across.
  • Remember under Part 107 need ATC permission to fly in A, B, C, D and E surface

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3D Airspace

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Airspace Questions

  • According to 14 CFR part 107, how may a pilot operate an UAS in class C airspace?
    • The remote pilot must have prior authorization from ATC facility having jurisdiction over that airspace
    • The PIC must monitor ATC frequency from launch to recovery
    • The PIC must contact ATC after launching the UAS
  • To operate in class C airspace the minimum radio equipment needed are
    • 2-way radio communication equipment & a 4096-code transponder
    • 2-way radio communication equipment & DME
    • 2-way radio communication equipment & a 4096-code transponder plus an encoding altimeter
  • ATC authorization is required in
    • Class A, B, C, D, E, and G
    • Class A, B, C, D
    • Class A, B, C, D, and E surface

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Airport Areas

  • Security identification display area (SIDA)- airport area for cargo, screening. Must have an airport issued or approved identification.

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No Fly Zones and warning zones

  • Prohibited area’s, ie White House. No flight, potential jail, loss of license
  • Restricted Areas- usually military, firing ranges. PIC must get authorization from controlling agency. but doubtful they will allow. More info on restricted areas usually on margins of charts.
  • TFR- usually for security, Super Bowl, presidential visits, public figures, political gatherings. These are posted as NOTAMs. It is our job to check for NOTAMs and TFRs.
  • Some TFRs have been converted to National Security Areas (NSAs), permeant but voluntary. No fly zones
  • Warning Areas and Alert Areas- also military offshore in international waters, usually firing ranges. No permission required but be alert.
  • Military Operations Areas (MOAs)- military pilots operate without restriction, very fast. You do not need special permission but be alert. Check times of operation with Aloft and charts
  • Military Training Routes (MTR)- potential hazard for UAS, either Instrument Route (IR) or Visual Route (VR) and have either 3 or 4 digit numbers. 3 digit numbers mean above 1500’, 4 digit numbers mean 0-1500’. So extra caution with 4 digit numbers. And pilots can fly miles off the center line so try to avoid.
  • Air Defense Identification Zone. Around borders. Bad idea to fly.
  • National Parks- No fly zones without special permit.
  • Wilderness area, wildlife refuge zone- can be penalties for harassing wildlife

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Airspace Exercises Anchorage

  • What is the airspace at UAK? At Safe Harbor Airport? At Kenai National Wildlife Refuge?
  • What is the maximum UAS elevation and height AGL you can fly in Gulkana (GKN, WNW of Anchorage)? Copper Center 2 (Z93)? Do you need FAA authorization?
  • What is the height of the towers in Glennallen? Max AGL to survey the towers?
  • What is airspace at Fairbanks airport (FAI)? What is ceiling/floor?
  • What is airspace at Sitka Rocky Gutierrez (SIT)? What is ceiling/floor?

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Airspace Exercises Missoula

  • What is the airspace at UM? At Rock Creek? At Ravalli National Wildlife Refuge?
  • What is the maximum UAS elevation and height AGL you can fly in Anaconda? Over the stack? Do you need FAA authorization?
  • What is airspace at Helena airport? What is ceiling/floor?
  • What is airspace at Billings Airport? What is ceiling/floor?

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Airspace Exercises Butte

  • What is the airspace at MTech? In Anaconda? At Whitetail Reservoir north of Whitehall?
  • What is the maximum UAS elevation and height AGL you can fly in Anaconda? Over the stack? Do you need FAA authorization?
  • What is airspace at Helena airport? What is ceiling/floor?
  • What is airspace at Billings Airport? What is ceiling/floor?

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Airspace Test Examples

  • Temporary Flight Restrictions (TFR) is issued due to one of the following reasons.
    • A) To identify airport advisory areas
    • B) To broadcast parachute jump spots
    • C ) To protect public dignitaries like presidents, etc.
  • What is a line of longitude?
    • A) The degrees of longitude east and west of the line that passes through Greenwich, England
    • B) The degrees of longitude north and south from the equator
    • C) The degrees of longitude east and west of the Prime Meridian
  • One of the following provides the most detailed and complete information about a specific airport.
    • A) The Terminal Area Chart
    • B) The Chart Supplement
    • C) NOTAMs