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Towards a Sustainable Environment using Particle Accelerators¶

christine.darve@ess.eu

European Spallation Source, Lund, SE

2023-07-31

http://www.ifast-cbi.particle-accelerators.eu/

https://indico.cern.ch/event/1276985/

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Outline

Accelerator-based Innovation & Scattering community

Particle accelerator design and operation

“Accelerate Solving Energy Crisis: From Fission to Fusion”

Data to bridge communities

Stay tuned !

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Recall on Particle Accelerators History

Each generation built on the accomplishments of the previous ones raising the level of technology ever higher !

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🡪 1980 -Tevatron @ Fermilab

980 GeV

🡪2008 - LHC @ CERN

7-14 TeV

80 keV

1929

Ernest Lawrence

(1901 - 1958)

Livingston’s diagram

FNAL

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Recall on Particle Accelerators - thematic

More than 35,000 Particle Accelerators in the world ! (15,000 in 2000)

Ion implanters and surface modification

An accelerator-based manufacturing technique called ion implantation modifies semiconductors’ electrical properties precisely and cost-effectively, leading to better, cheaper electronics

e.g. Research:

Collider (LHC, FNAL, RHIC)

Proton linac for Neutron Source

Synchrotron for Light Source

Medical Isotopes and hardron therrapy – Photon therapy

Ions - Implanting them very precisely in metal surfaces means greater toughness. In tools like drill bits, that means a longer working lifetime.

Ion implantation also means less corrosion. Greater toughness and less corrosion mean medical prostheses like artificial hips last longer.

Chip manufacturers create integrated circuits by intentionally introducing impurities–boron or phosphorus ions–into silicon wafers. Using an accelerator they create a beam of high-energy boron or phosphorus ions, and them move the silicon wafers into the beam for implantation of the ions into the wafers.

An accelerator-based manufacturing technique called ion implantation modifies semiconductors’ electrical properties precisely and cost-effectively, leading to better, cheaper electronics

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Innovations & Scattering community

Research Infrastructure (RI) to enable science for society

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Research Infrastructure (RI) and industries, supported by the enlightened organizations and education, can generate a sustainable environment to serve this purpose

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Innovations & Scattering community

Research Infrastructure (RI) to enable science for society

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Innovations & Scattering community

Accelerate your Innovative Ecosystem

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RADIATION SAFETY AND QUALITY AT RESEARCH INFRASTRUCTURES

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with Neutrons eyes

with X-Rays eyes

H atoms make up ~50% of atoms of biological macromolecules

(lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates)

Courtesy Lenny Rivkin/PSI

X-Rays

Electrons

Neutrons

Nucleus

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Innovations & Scattering community

Neutron :

All in one !

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Wave Particle Magnetic moment Neutral

They have wavelengths appropriate to inter-atomic distances

They have energies comparable to molecular motions

They interact weakly with materials, and can penetrate into the bulk

They are non-destructive

Most important: they see a completely different contrast compared to x-rays (with appropriate isotope labelling).

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Innovations & Scattering community

Where are the atoms and what are they doing?

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Detector

source

sample

Proton Accelerator to enable the Neutron Source !

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Innovation & Scattering community

How does a giant microscope works ?

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Big Science: European Spallation Source

ESS is owned and being built by 13 member countries and partners

PRESENTATION TITLE/FOOTER

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2023-08-14

Collective Scientific approach: In-Kind model

@ European Spallation Source, ERIC

Value of In-Kind Collaborations !

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519

Employees

56

Nationalities

> 100

Collaborating Institutions

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Scandinavia to host ESS

Selection based on a number of factors:

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Competence & higher education

Synergies with research facility nearby

Accessibility

Unique energy & sustainability ambitions

Site integrated with city

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Innovations & Scattering community

Triangle of knowledge –

The Ecosystem

https://arxiv.org/abs/2106.00056

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Industries benefit from particle accelerator fabrication, operation and breakthroughs resulting from large neutron and light sources with the typical average proportion of industry use of neutron and light-based Large Scale Research Infrastructures in Europe today being 20%-40% in collaboration with academia, and 1%-10% purely proprietary use, depending on the type of LSRIs.

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Technological Paradigm Evolution

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1750s

1850s

1950s

2050s

SCIENCE

(gestation)

TECHNOLOGY

(growth)

BUSINESS

(maturity)

ORGANIZATION

(society)

INDUSTRIAL

economy

Nanotechnology
Biotechnology
Information technology
Cognitive science
Materials

MOLECULAR (NBIC)

economy

INFORMATION

economy

Solid state physics

Information theory

Chips�Operating systems�WWW

New media

IT services

Portals

The Adaptive �Enterprise

Materials science facilities are keys to the new economy

Economic value added

Year

It's Alive - The Coming Convergence of Information, Biology, and Business Christopher Meyer 2003

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Photon Scattering Community

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LAAAMP brochure: “Advanced Light Sources and Crystallography: Tools of Discovery and Innovation “

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Neutron Scattering Community

PRESENTATION TITLE/FOOTER

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See Connecting Industrial R&D Staff to State-of-the-Art Neutron Methods

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Take a look at one our scientist’s TEDx Talks

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Youtube tag: YBiWDJlLTvU

https://youtu.be/YBiWDJlLTvU

More details:

"Neutron Sources as tools for innovation" and (YouTube), ASP2021 program via indico , ASP webs

"Neutron Sources" and further readings (ASP2014)

Webinars to showcase the vast potential of ESS Neutron Methods

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Wind turbines:

strong, light, flexible materials
better magnets

Solar panels:

Economically feasible, robust solutions
Neutron reflectivity probes surface action

Cars:

Fuel cells
Long-range batteries
Lighter materials

Energy research

Innovations & Scattering community

Neutrons for a sustainable energy economy

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Innovations & Scattering community

"Neutrons: A Natural Tool for Researchers" by Andrew Jackson,

@ ASP Online Seminars:

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Neutrons for magnetic and electronic phenomena

Hunting for materials that make our technology smarter

Improving electronic properties and exploiting quantum phenomena

The sensitivity of neutrons to magnetism and the unique ESS neutron flux makes it possible to study quantum materials ‘in-operandi’ to understand them at a microscopic level.

Understanding quantum phenomena and novel states of matter in detail

Magnetism & superconductivity

Part 1: Scientists have since centuries been fascinated by electronic phenomena observed in many materials.

The most prominent examples are probably (ferro)magnetism of iron and static electricity of amber.

Since about 200 years using electricity has changed our lives and it continues to do.

Though we exploit the fascinating electronic properties already we are hunting for even better materials for our future technology improving our lives.

There are uncovered secrets to look for in this field that can help us develop sophisticated new technology to make our lives easier.

We have realised that we know very little about these electronic properties at a microscopic level.

The world today is for example highly dependent on cheap energy. There is a lot of lost energy in the cables that carry electricity from the power source to your lamp. We know that there is material, superconducting material, that has zero resistance for the electricity passing through. This type of material is highly enigmatic and would revolutionize the world and the technology if we could use it in an easy way. Though even the best materials need cooling to below -200degC and they are very brittle. This makes them very expensive and difficult to use. Understanding more about its properties would help a lot. The images shows the regular sort of cables that we use now, and superconducting cables that are tried out as a concept for 600 meters in Long Island, USA.

The properties of superconducting material is so enigmatic, because it leads us into quantum phenomena.

Part 2:

To study quantum phenomena, physicists work with exotic material and manipulate this matter into quantum states. Though quantum phenomena are so difficult for us to grasp they have been predicted and described mathematically. The top image shows a skyrmion, a sort of magnetic vortex, which is amazingly robust inside the material for a long time. It almost behaves like a (pseudo-) particle. The lower image is two monopoles. If you cut a magnet in half, the two new magnets will have a south pole and a north pole. Now physicists have found monopoles, a south pole, red, and a north pole, blue, that are independent of each other. They exist for a short while in spin ice and is certainly quantum phenomena.

Part 3: Computers use ones and zeros to produce and remember data. Based on this idea from the 1950’s, Moore´s law predicts that semiconductors in computers will become half their size smaller and twice as fast every 18 months – which has been accurate so far. However, researchers anticipate a decline in Moore´s law by 2030, due to the fact that semiconductors by then will have reached atom-size and quantum laws dictate their behaviour. Encoding information in quantum states instead of ’bits’ (of ones and zeros) make it much faster, smaller and safer.

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Outline

Accelerator-based Innovation & Scattering community

Particle accelerator design and operation

“Accelerate Solving Energy Crisis: From Fission to Fusion”

Data to bridge communities

Stay tuned !

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Recall on Particle Accelerators

Main Ingrédient to build an accelerator

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1- Ion Source to produce the charged particles to be accelerated (electron gun, H⁺ or H^-)

4- Vacuum chamber to minimize scattering of the beam particles by gas particles

3- Magnets are used to bend and focus the particle trajectories 🡪 SUPRACONDUCTOR

2- Accelerating structures to accelerate charged particles 🡪 SUPRACONDUCTOR

5- Cooling systems to remove the heat dissipated in accelerator components; use of superfluidity for superconducting magnets and cavities

6- Beam diagnostics to provide information about the beam intensity (current), position, beam profile and beam loss

7- Control system to record and control each equipment

Courtesy Caterina Biscari

ASP2018

8 – Power Supply for RF, Magnets and Accelerator components

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ESS Energetic Perspectives

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30 C / 55 C / 80C

🡪 270 GWh

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ESS Accelerator

Protons are guided, focussed and accelerated down a 600m tunnel

Ion source

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Normal conducting and Superconducting accelerating structures

Magnets

Vacuum

Cryogenics

Monitoring systems

Spoke

M-β

H-β

NC FE

Beam power (MW)	5
Beam current (mA)	62.5
Linac energy (GeV)	2
Beam pulse length (ms)	2.86
Repetition rate (Hz)	14

	Num. of CMs	Num. of cavities
Spoke	13	26
Medium β (6-cell)	9	36
High β (5-cell)	21	84

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ESS Accelerator: RF Power!

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RBOT Baseline (ESS-4726471) – Week 23-25

RACKS

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MBL-020 Cell 160 – MBL-030

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CELL 150A

130-s2

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CELL 100/110

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Post RBOT Scope

NCG + SPK

MB

HB

#

Installation on-going

Installation complete ready for test

Low Power Tested

High Power Tested

NCL: Klystron@3 MW

Bunchers: SSPA@30 kW

SPK: Tetrodes@400 kW

MB: Klystron@1.5 MW

HB: Klystron@1.5 MW

352.21 MHz

704.42 MHz

704.42 MHz

2023

TBC

#

Special test

TS2

M2

K1

K2

040-s2

040-s1

Cell 150 – MBL-010

MBL-040 Cell 170 – MBL-050

MBL-060 Cell 180 – MBL-070

MBL-080 Cell 190 – MBL-090

HBL-010 Cell 200 – HBL-020

HBL-030 Cell 210 – HBL-040

HBL-050 Cell 220 – HBL-060

HBL-070 Cell 230 – HBL-080

HBL-090 Cell 240 – HBL-1000

ESS high-beta linac will have 84 RF sources

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ESS Accelerator: RF Power ! Long pulse

Klystrons, Modulator, RF distribution and LLRF

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RF power amplifier takes pulse power from the modulator and converts the power into RF waves at 352 or 704 MHz. Klystrons are typically RF power amplilfiers and ESS require ~180 klystrons with 1 MW peak power per klystron (40 kW average).

Modulator converts conventional AC power into pulse power.

LLRF takes the cavity field signal from probe, controls it in digital domain with feedback and feedforward, and generates an input signal to the amplifier that drives the cavity to a field with a phase and amplitude that are within 0.5% and 0.5 degree of a set value, unique for each cavity.

RF distribution transports the RF from power amplifier to cavity coupler, which are typically waveguides with other components (circulators, directional couplers, etc.)

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ESS Accelerator: RF Power !

Stacked Multi-Level (SML) Modulator

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Impact:

In-house design has permitted to reduce the budgeted costs by 70% and the space requirements by 80% !
ESS in partnership with University, industries and In-Kind collaboration

115kV/100A; 3.5ms/14Hz

reduce flicker from the local grid

Accelerate your Innovative Ecosystem

CD / 2022/08/03

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ESS Accelerator: RF Power !

Each MB-IOT to deliever 1.2 MW during the flat top pulse (3.5 ms)
Possible savings of 2 to 3 MW of the 19 MW of power required to drive the ESS !

Possible fulfil the ESS scope contingency for the second half of the high beta section of the LINAC, which will be equipped after 2026.

For the first part of the high beta LINAC however, klystrons represent a lower risk and remain very attractive because of their immediate availability.

Klystrons and possible use of Multi-Beam Inductive Output Tubes (MB-IOT)

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EC support - sustainable environment @ RI

Newly granted !

EU's energy strategy sets its sights on three core objectives:
- ensuring security of supply,
- promoting energy efficiency, and
- increasing the share of renewable energy sources

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By reinforcing cross-border energy infrastructures
Enhancing flexibility resources to ensure the resilience of the electrical grid
Creating a competing market taking into account the physical limits.

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EC support - sustainable environment @ RI

7 Objectives

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Provide an efficient solar power generation through the optimization of equipment
Ensure a powerful energy storage system
Develop a methodology to optimize waste heat recovery projects
Provide multi-energy flexibility solutions to the European Ris
Implement new solutions at RIs

Train RIs researchers and technicians to maximize the effectiveness of the energy measures implemented
Accelerate dissemination of the on-going project activities to (i) ensure a further implementation of the project solutions to the project RI stakeholders as municipalities, electricity providers and regional and national electricity networks and (ii) fostering synergies between RIs to ensure the use of the developed methodology

Each of these RIs presents different energy usage patterns which is a strength of FlexRICAN:

a quite uniform consumption along the year at ELI running facilities (CZ and HU), with the highest priority set on regulation and securing the availability of electricity, a hyper-variability of electrical consumption with peaks up to 30 MW at the two EMFL DC facilities (FR and NL), three distinct levels of consumption at the ESS facility (SE) comprising a full operation mode during 240 days a year up to 35 MW.

develop a global energetic approach delivering services:
to the European electrical grid through optimized energy flexibility,
to local heating networks by developing Waste Heat Recovery projects.
develop renewable energy capacity production,
manage these developments in an integrated way thanks to energy oriented modeling integrating RIs user
communities and the new stakeholders.

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Outline

Accelerator-based Innovation & Scattering community

Particle accelerator design and operation

“Accelerate Solving Energy Crisis: From Fission to Fusion”

Data to bridge communities

Stay tuned !

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Solving Energy Crisis

Forum on International Physics @ American Physical Society

PHYSICS MATTERS: On-line Colloquia Series Video –
Public zoom access ! More than 33 Colloquia !
“Physics for Development” program
Engaging a curiosity-driven audience, (students, early careers) from international developed and developing communities!
Thematic selected from/within the partner countries of the SESAME project (Synchrotron-Light for Experimental Science and Applications in the Middle East) & enhancing Environmental challenges and beyond…

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Solving Energy Crisis

Forum on International Physics @ American Physical Society – 2023 meetings

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APS April meeting and slides

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Solving Energy Crisis

Recall: Fission, Spallation and Fusion

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Spallation is a non-elastic nuclear interaction induced by a high-energy particle producing numerous secondary particles

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Solving Energy Crisis

Fusion Powers the Universe

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Credits: NASA, ESA, CSA, STScI

MYRRHA (Multi-purpose hYbrid Research Reactor for High-tech Applications)

Session M06: Accelerate Solving Energy Crisis: From Fission to Fusion

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More APS sessions for CBI !

Article - " An epic journey across the quantum landscape to the APS March Meeting"

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Outline

Accelerator-based Innovation & Scattering community

Particle accelerator design and operation

“Accelerate Solving Energy Crisis: From Fission to Fusion”

Data to bridge communities

Stay tuned !

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Data for environmental challenges

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Large Scale Research Infrastructure, e.g. ESS data handling

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ML/AI Accelerator & User Communities

“ARTIFACT” - A proposal to European Commission Call ?

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ML/AI Accelerator & User Communities

“ARTIFACT” - A proposal to European Commission Call ?

Sharing data and metadata with standardized software framework adapted to "feature engineering”* and machine learning, all FAIR-principle and open-source ;
Developing fast and realistic simulations ;
Designing global adaptive optimisation embedded in control systems ;

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Being able to detect and classify anomalies as well as prevent majors faults … all in real time ;
Take into account environmental challenges for design and operation of present and future research infrastructures

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ML/AI Accelerator & User Communities

“ARTIFACT” - A proposal to European Commission Call ?

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Main field : Accelerator physics and technologies and user communities and spans across different applications ;

Particle physics ;
Nuclear physics ;
Light sources and Neutron sources;
Medical and industrial applications … ;

🡺 Connect to transverse applications ?

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Stay tuned !

CBI ‘22: "Accelerate your Innovative EcoSystem”

including Many links of interest !

The emergence of new technologies and innovative communication tools, permits us to transcend societal & environmental challenges!

While particle accelerators are essential instruments to improve our quality of life through science and technology, an adequate suitable ecosystem is essential to activate and maximise this potential !

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Good Luck on your Studies !

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Webinar “Oppenheimer: Scientists, The Bomb, and the Implications for Today,

July 31, 2023, from 4:00 p.m. to 5:30 p.m. ET.

The film Oppenheimer, which recently opened in theatres, tells the story of American physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer who led the team that built the first atomic bomb and later worked to curb the nuclear arms race. The scientific community has played a critical role in highlighting the dangers of nuclear weapons and their human and environmental impacts. The webinar features a panel of experts to discuss:
The APS Forum on Physics and Society, the APS Forum on International Physics, and the APS Forum on the History and Philosophy of Physics are all co-sponsors of the webinar.

More information:

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Register Today

https://physics.illinois.edu/academics/graduates/blog/57019

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Diplome d’ingenieur UTBM, Institut Polytechnique de Sevenans (FR), ”Thermomechanical of System and Materials”

PhD Northwestern University (USA), "Phenomenological and Numerical Studies of Helium II Dynamics in the Two-Fluid Model”

20 years as Engineering Scientist at CERN, FNAL, ESS
From design to operation of particle accelerators in large scale collaborations (incl. Large Hadron Collider, Cryogenic Magnets and Cavities, LH₂ absorber)

Short biography – Christine Darve

FNAL

CERN

ESS

Voluntary work for Non-profit organisations:

🡪 Forum on International Physics (FIP), Chair-elected, American Physical Society (APS)

🡪 African School of Physics and Applications (ASP) co-founder, organiser and lecturer

🡪 Nordic Particle Accelerator Program (NPAP) (schools, MOOC) co-founder, organiser and lecturer

🡪 Physique-sans-frontieres (1998 Sc. Secretary) ”WWW: A Windows on Science and Technology”, Sarajevo

https://cdarve.web.cern.ch/

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Thank you

[christine.darve@ess.eu]