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Cannabis-Sativa

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ROOTS AND MISSION

Roots and Mission

Our mission is to promote and support social equity in the adult-use cannabis market by providing quality workforce development and legal education. Our work, supported in part by a state budget appropriation, prioritizes diversity, equity, and quality jobs in the emerging cannabis industry through skills training, entrepreneurism services, workforce supports, legal education for employees and employers, and the development of high-road career pathways.

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Cannabis Plant Anatomy

Cannabis is an annually harvested, dioecious (males and females), flowering herb. The plant consists of roots, a stalk, stems, leaves, leafy inflorescence (buds) and reproductive organs.

SECTION 01

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CANNABIS PLANT ANATOMY

COLA

The flowering site on a female cannabis plant where flowers grow together tightly. Also known as buds.

FAN LEAF

FRONT

BACK

VENTRAL

SURFACE

DORSAL

SURFACE

PETIOLE

APEXES

STIGMA

BRACT/ �CALYX

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CANNABIS PLANT ANATOMY

NODE

INTERNODE

Internodes are sections of the stem between nodes

The nodes on both male and female plants serve as the reproductive organs. The female plant produces seeds from its seed-pod or ovule, located inside the calyx. The male plant produces pollen from its pollen sac, also known as an anther.

NODE AND INTERNODE

REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS

FEMALE PLANT

MALE �PLANT

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CANNABIS PLANT ANATOMY

Cannabis Roots

Like most plants, the cannabis plant absorbs water and nutrients through its roots. Oxygen is absorbed through the roots as well. The absorption of these essential compounds is deeply interrelated. In addition, the balanced of microscopic organisms in the soil must be managed closely to ensure the optimum performance of cannabis roots.

TAP ROOT

FIBROUS ROOTS

ADVENTITIOUS ROOTS

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CANNABIS PLANT ANATOMY

The Cannabis Plant Life Cycle

SEEDS

SEED PLANTING

GERMINATION

SPROUT

SEEDLING

PLANT

VEGETATIVE STAGE

FLOWERING STAGE

18 HRS SUNLIGHT

12 HRS SUNLIGHT

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CANNABIS PLANT ANATOMY

Photoperiod

is the amount of time (period) a plant is exposed to light (photo). This is when the plants convert light into energy, like a solar panel. The plant needs energy to grow.

Plants that are just starting out need the increased hours of daylight we experience during spring and summer sunlight to grow tall and bushy.

When the solstice ends and fall comes around, we get less hours of sunlight, sending a signal to the plant.

The plant recognizes the absence of light as an immediate threat. In response, the plant initiates the flowering cycle. This process attracts pollinators who enable the plant to bear seeds that will survive underground until the next spring.

VEGETATIVE

FLOWERING

SEEDLING

HARVEST

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CANNABIS PLANT ANATOMY

Definitions

STRAINS

��Refers to the named variations of cannabis that differ in appearance, aroma, and effect. Cannabis grows natively in different regions of the world and has been selectively bred for various characteristics. Terms like “sativa” and “indica” describe different structural differences in the plant: narrow vs. broad leaves, tall vs. short stature, etc. Cannabis strains that has been crossbred are called hybrids, which make up a vast majority of cannabis available today.

LANDRAS STRAINS (CULTIVARS)

Are types of cannabis whose genetics have not been altered for millennia. These landrace strains are indigenous to certain regions of the world, most notably to parts of Central Asia, South Asia, Africa, the West Indies, and South America.

CLONES

A cannabis clone is a cutting, such as a branch, that is cut off of a living marijuana plant, which will then grow into a plant itself.

PHENOTYPES

A phenotype, or pheno, refers to the physical expression of a cannabis plant's genetic blueprint; when a female cannabis plant produces seeds, each seed is a phenotype that expresses a unique set of traits from the mother and father plants.

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CANNABIS PLANT ANATOMY

Cannabis Strains

Amnesia Haze	Chocolope
Durban Poison	Hawaiian
Headband	Jack Herer
Kali Mist	Maui Waui
Purple Trainwreck	Strawberry Cough
Super Lemon Haze	Super Silver Haze
Thai	White Widow

Afghani	Blueberry
Blue Cheese	Critical Mass
G13	Grand Daddy Purple
Hindu Kush	La Confidential
Northern Lights	OG Kush
Romulan	Sensi Star
Skywalker	White Rhino

ACDC	Bruce Banner #3
Cannatonic	Chemdawg
Gelato	Girl Scout Cookies
Gorilla Glue #4	Lemon Haze
Moby Dick	Pineapple Express
Skunk #1	Sweet and Sour Widow
Tangerine Haze	Trainwreck

SATIVA

INDICA

HYBRID

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Chemical

Profile

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CHEMICAL PROFILE

Cannabinoid Profiles

There are several structural classes of compounds found in the Cannabis plant called Cannabinoids. While these are found primarily in the cannabis plant, they also exist in most animal organisms or as synthetic compounds.

The most notable cannabinoid is the phytocannabinoid tetrahydrocannabinol, the primary intoxicating compound in cannabis.

The information in this training is not intended or implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. All content, including text, graphics, images and information, contained on or available through this training is for general information purposes only.

Antibacterial, inhibits cancer cell growth, neuro-protective, promotes bone growth, reduces seizures and convulsions, reduces blood sugar levels, reduces inflammation, increases function in the immune system, reduces risk of artery blockage, reduces small intestine contractions, reduces vomiting and nausea, reduces pain, relieves anxiety, slows bacterial growth, suppresses muscle spasms, tranquilizing, treats psoriasis

Reduces convulsions and seizures, promotes bone growth

Reduces vomiting and nausea, suppresses muscle spasms, stimulates appetite, relieves pain

Relieves pain

Inhibits cancer cell growth, suppresses muscle spasms, aides sleep

Aides sleep

Reduces vomiting and nausea, suppresses muscle spasms, stimulates appetite, relieves pain

Aids sleep, inhibits cell growth, promotes bone growth, slows bacteria growth

Reduces inflammation, inhibits cancer cell growth

Relieves pain, slows bacterial growth

Relieves pain, reduces inflammation, promotes bone growth, inhibits cancer cell growth

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CHEMICAL PROFILE

Describing Cannabis Flavors

Using Flavor Wheel

Example:

If you detect “Black Pepper”, you would describe the flavor in 4 ways.

Black Pepper
Spices
Warm
Spicy

Multiple flavor detections, utilizing the wheel, would add additional ways to describe the flavor.

ie. I’m also picking up a hint of roasted nuts, a bit bitter, almost like roasted sesame

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TERPOLOGY

Trichomes

are the resin glands that contain cannabinoids and terpenes.

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CHEMICAL PROFILE

Non-Glandular Trichomes

Glandular Trichomes

Comprised of:

• Unicellular Trichomes�• Cystolithic Trichomes

Both of which have a hair-like appearance. As opposed to the glandular trichomes, these structures are more protective, keeping the plants safe from insects, wind, temperature, UV and water dysregulation.

• Capitate stalked trichome�

Holds the greatest concentration of aromatic and psychotropic compounds. Other common types of glandular trichomes are the sessile, bulbous simple and bulbous complex varieties, which also contain terpenes and cannabinoids but in much lower concentrations.

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Terpology

SECTION 04

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TERPOLOGY

Test Strip

If you’re dealing with aromatic liquids like the ones in this package, DON’T smell directly out of the bottle. Instead, use a testing strip, much like you would when trying out a perfume, and get a bit of liquid on it with a dip or a drip. Waft it from various distances until you’ve gotten a complete picture, then make sure to label the strip with the name of the sample.

Sensory analysis

of flower

First, snap the flower in your fingers and

allow some volatiles to disperse. Waft (or inhale closely if the scent is faint) until you feel like you’ve gotten a sense of the front, middle, and back notes.

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TERPOLOGY

Describing Cannabis Flavors

Using Flavor Wheel

Example:

If you detect “Black Pepper”, you would describe the flavor in 4 ways.

Black Pepper
Spices
Warm
Spicy

Multiple flavor detections, utilizing the wheel, would add additional ways to describe the flavor.

ie. I’m also picking up a hint of roasted nuts, a bit bitter, almost like roasted sesame

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TERPOLOGY

Terpenes and Detecting Potential Effects

The information in this training is not intended or implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. All content, including text, graphics, images and information, contained on or available through this training is for general information purposes only.

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TERPOLOGY

ß- Caryophyllene

AROMATIC PROFILE

Beta-caryophyllene evokes the inside of a spice cabinet, weaving together aromas of mixed spice and aged wood with a subtly savory sweetness. Strong notes of milled peppercorns open to warm,

comforting suggestions of cinnamon and incense. Shades of roasted nuts and ginger add to the terpene’s inviting aroma. Strains rich in beta-caryophyllene include Hash Plant and Cookies & Cream.

PLANT SOURCES

Beta-caryophyllene is plentiful in dark spices such as black pepper (Piper nigrum), black caraway (Nigella sativa), and cloves (Syzygium aromaticum), but it can also be found in aromatics like hops (Humulus lupulus), basil (Ocimum basilicum), and oregano (Origanum vulgare).

POTENTIAL EFFECTS

Beta-caryophyllene’s large chemical structure gives it the notable property of binding to CB2 receptors in the body, making it the first known terpene to interact with the endocannabinoid system much like true cannabinoids. This allows it to synergize with CBD and

CBG, giving it uniquely effective analgesic

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TERPOLOGY

Alpha-Pinene

AROMATIC PROFILE

A strongly herbal, soapy, and pineforward terpene, alpha-pinene feels

like a blast of boreal air. The fresh, natural notes of eucalyptus and cedar— complemented by touches of braising herbs and raw sap—are counterbalanced by mild, but pronounced, touches of piney cleaning solution. These sharp tones help give alpha-pinene its uplifting, focus-promoting effects. Strains such as Blue Dream and OG Kush are known for their high alphapinene content.

PLANT SOURCES

As the most plentiful terpene on the planet, alpha-pinene is found naturally in numerous plant species (including cannabis). It is most often isolated from conifer trees, pine needles, and herbs

like dill, rosemary, and sage.

POTENTIAL EFFECTS

Alpha-pinene has shown promise for chronic pain management due

to its anti-inflammatory effects, and research is ongoing into its potential as a bronchodilator. Its mood- and creativity-boosting properties are also being studied as possible signs of its

neuroprotective capabilities.

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TERPOLOGY

Terpinolene

AROMATIC PROFILE

Terpinolene, with its pine-forward, phenolic character reminiscent of

strong cleaning solution, is known as one of the most intensely aromatic terpenes. Bittersweet notes of unripe citrus provide a pleasant contrast and further punch up the flavors, contributing to

terpinolene’s energizing effects. Terpinolene is predominant in strains such as Jack Herer and Super Lemon Haze.

PLANT SOURCES

Most commercial terpinolene extract is sourced from trees, especially fir, pine, and tea trees, but it can also be found in spices like cumin and nutmeg, fruits like apple, and flowering plants like lilac.

POTENTIAL EFFECTS

Appropriate to its aromatic profile, terpinolene has antibacterial effects.

It has been demonstrated to have antioxidant properties, which are beneficial to heart health, and showed promise in fighting cancer cells in the brains of rats.

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TERPOLOGY

Myrcene

AROMATIC PROFILE

Layering notes of hops, cloves, and tropical fruits on a deceptively simple base of earth and citrus tones, myrcene’s full aromatic profile is one-of-a-kind. As the most abundant cannabis terpene, its elusive, somewhat sour, somewhat herbaceous, slightly sweet combination of scents is immediately identifiable as being one of the basic flavors of cannabis. Tucked away in its top notes are hints of mint, near-ripe mango, and even fennel, demonstrating the aromatic diversity and complexity of the terpene. Strains with high myrcene content

include Phantom OG, White Widow, Himalayan Gold, and Pure Kush.

PLANT SOURCES

Myrcene is found in herbs like thyme (Thymus vulgaris), lemongrass

Cymbopogon citratus), basil (Ocimum basilicum), bay laurel leaves (Laurus nobilis), as well as hops (Humulus lupulus) and mangos (Mangifera indica).

POTENTIAL EFFECTS

Myrcene, especially in the form of lemongrass tea, has been used as a folk sedative and analgesic for centuries. Promising research on its antioxidant and antimicrobial effects is ongoing.

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TERPOLOGY

Linalool

AROMATIC PROFILE

Linalool’s interplay of lavender, spices, and green apple evokes the soothing sensation of browsing through a candle store and taking in all the gentle scents. Notes of cinnamon and black pepper complement its prominent floral character, while the secondary fruity notes hew closer to the soft sweetness of candy flavoring or soap fragrance than to the acidity of fresh-squeezed juice. Linalool can be found in strains such as UK Cheese, Chemdawg, and Skywalker OG.

PLANT SOURCES

Linalool derives its name from the linaloe tree, but it can also be extracted from a variety of plants in the mint (Lamiaceae), laurel (Lauraceae), and citrus fruit (Rutaceae) families.

POTENTIAL EFFECTS

Much like lavender, linalool possessessedative and anxiolytic properties. It can be used in combination with terpenes like

myrcene to activate synergistic effects.

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TERPOLOGY

Limonene

AROMATIC PROFILE

Limonene (also known as d-limonene, its primary naturally occurring form) is instantly recognizable due to its distinct, citrus-forward flavor profile and uplifting mood effects. Well-developed sweet and sour notes reveal a spectrum of organic citrus fruit aromas, capturing hints of everything from fresh-squeezed juice to the oils in the rind.

Strains with prominent limonene flavors include Mendocino Purps, the White, and Super Lemon Haze.

PLANT SOURCES

Limonene isolate can be naturally sourced from many citrus fruits,

including grapefruit, lime, lemon, and orange, occurring most abundantly in the rind. It is especially plentiful in

oranges, where it comprises around 97% of all the rind’s essential oils.

POTENTIAL EFFECTS

Limonene possesses anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties,which help manage pain and prevent damage to

beneficial cells in the body. Possible cancer-fighting and disease-preventing qualities are under investigation, with promising results in lung and prostate cancer trials.

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Growing Environments

SECTION 03

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GROWING ENVIRONMENTS

Outdoor

Plants grown outdoors can grow to double the size of plants grown indoors, all while using half the energy. In addition to ensuring larger buds, this method also requires less expertise and time.

Most importantly, cannabis grown outdoors can express characteristics unique to its geographical region. Characterizing cannabis this way takes into consideration the complete natural environment in which a particular cannabis is produced, including factors such as the soil, topography, and climate. This is known as “Terroir”.

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GROWING ENVIRONMENTS

Greenhouses�and Hoop Houses

A Greenhouse protects plants from wind, frost, snow, or ice - In addition, growers can closely control the environment similar to indoor cultivations. Includes temperature, moisture, soil types, and sanitation.

A hoophouse protects plants from wind, frost, snow, or ice - While allowing the plants to benefit from growing out of the dortmund in natural conditions.

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GROWING ENVIRONMENTS

Indoor

Cultivation

Cultivating cannabis indoors gives cultivators the ability to control the environment (temperature, humidity, lighting, soil, sanitation, CO2 and more). Indoor cultivations require the most upfront capital for construction, security, and engineering.

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GROWING ENVIRONMENTS

Temperature and Humidity

Cultivating cannabis indoors gives cultivators the ability to control the environment (temperature, humidity, lighting, soil, sanitation, CO2 and more). Indoor cultivations require the most upfront capital for construction, security, and engineering.

SEEDLING

Humidity: 65-80%

Temperature: 75-85ºF lights on / 65-80% lights off

VEGETATIVE

Humidity: 55-80% lower in 5% increments until you reach humidity that facilitates transplant to flower (do not go lower than 40%)

Temperature: 70-85ºF lights on / 60-75% lights off

FLOWER

Humidity: 40-60% Temperature: 65-84ºF lights on / 60-75% lights off

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GROWING ENVIRONMENTS

Post-Growing�Environment

Drying room should maintain a humidity around 50% - 60% and you should keep temperatures between 60-65ºF. Buds will continue to release moisture as they gradually dry out, but dropping your humidity too much could cause them to dry prematurely which will ruin their taste and quality. Also, temperatures above 68°F can damage terpenes or cause rapid drying as well, so beware of high temps.

CURING

Humidity: 50%-60% | Temperature: 60-65ºF

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GROWING ENVIRONMENTS

EnvironmentalThreats

Aphids
Whiteflies
Spider mites
Fungus Gnats
Powdery Mildew
Leafhoppers
Budworms
Stink bugs
Beetles
Caterpillars
Molds
Bacterial Blight
Root rot
Rodents

Avian pests
Fungus
Root Rot
Bud Rot
Rodents
Severe Weather
Nutrient and Water Deficiency
Lighting Deficiency
Drastic and Extreme Temperature and Humidity Shifts

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Growing�Methods

SECTION 04

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GROWING METHODS

Essential Nutrients and Minerals

Nitrogen is a mobile nutrient, which means it can move throughout the plant as needed. Cannabis needs nitrogen to keep leaves green and make energy from light. All new leaves get plenty of nitrogen to make them green and help with photosynthesis.

Phosphorus (P) is essential for energy storage and utilization, root development and growth, flower formation, and metabolic activities in cannabis. In plants, P is a mobile element that is necessary for many key metabolic processes, in addition to cell elongation and root growth and development.

Potassium helps the plant as an auxiliary nutrient. It regulates the systems needed to stay healthy and to grow. Potassium ensures firm stems as well as stimulating ATP production needed for energy storage. It is also important for a strong immune system. This mineral is also important for the formation of a strong root system.

Magnesium is essential for cannabis to turn light into energy, not getting enough will also negatively affect bud growth and yield.

Calcium helps your marijuana plant have healthy and strong cell walls, stems, branches, and stalks. It also helps out with root hair growth and root system development.

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GROWING METHODS

Living Soil

Living soil is all about the diverse number of mutually beneficial microorganisms that live in our soil. From fungi, and bacteria to nematodes and, earthworms that all work in harmony to break down organic matter creating the healthiest and most nutritious environmental conditions for our plants. Natural and diverse soil is a living thing – it is very slowly moving, changing, and growing all the time. Just like other living things, soil breathes and needs air and water to stay alive. Soil is a complex mixture of organic matter, minerals, gasses, and organisms. All soil begins with a mineral mix. In nature, these broken-down minerals are supplemented by the natural byproducts of growth, life, and decay. This produces a complex environment chock full of the nutrients that plants need.

Image: USDA Soil Food Web

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GROWING METHODS

Soilless Mediums

Growing Media: also known as a growing medium, is the material in which plants grow.

Soilless Mediums: As its name suggests, a soilless medium is any sterile medium for growing plants that doesn't involve soil.

Vermiculite - It will not rot, deteriorate, or mold and is enduring, odorless, non-toxic, and sterile.
Clay pellets - perfect for holding oxygen as well as moisture around plant roots. It can be mixed with soil or used alone.
Expanded shale - is a porous material, and it lightens and loosens dense clay soils. The pores also act to capture water as it moves through the soil, improving water retention and absorption by plant roots.
Peat moss - Peat moss is an important component of most potting soils and seed starting mediums. It holds several times its weight in moisture, and releases the moisture to the plants roots as needed. It also holds onto nutrients so that they aren’t rinsed out of the soil when you water the plant. Peat moss alone does not make a good potting medium. It must be mixed with other ingredients to make up between one-third to two-thirds of the total volume of the mix.
Coco Coir - Coco coir possesses excellent aeration properties, which are important for a soilless growing medium. When it is added to the soil, it creates small air pockets that provide roots with access to air, water, and essential nutrients.
Perlite - resists soil compaction and encourages aeration, even in limited growing spaces; Perlite larger surface area makes it ideal for indoor plants that require high humidity; Interestingly, it has also been used to great effect in plants that thrive in dry settings

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GROWING METHODS

Hydroponics

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GROWING METHODS

Aquaponics

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GROWING METHODS

Artificial Lighting

LED grow lights are relatively new to the cannabis growing scene, but they have become wildly popular over the last few years with their ability to produce great yields while staying cool and using a reasonable amount of electricity.

High Pressure Sodium grow lights, or HPS grow lights, are the golden standard in growing cannabis. HPS lights can be used for the entire cannabis grow from seed to harvest (though some growers like to start with Metal Halide or florescent grow lights before the cannabis hits the flowering stage).

Metal halide grow lights are a type of HID, or high-intensity discharge, lighting. These lamps contain a quartz tube filled with a noble gas. An arc of electricity is sparked between two electrodes inside the tube to create light.

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GROWING METHODS

Integrated Pest Management and Biosecurity

Integrated pest management - also known as integrated pest control is a broad-based approach that integrates both chemical and non-chemical practices for economic control of pests. IPM aims to suppress pest populations below the economic injury level.

Biosecurity - is a set of measures designed to reduce the introduction of weeds and pathogens onto a property and to minimize their spread within the property.

ie Growing indoors, using air filters to control and clean all the air in the space, wearing hair nets, gowns, gloves etc.

PEST ID

PREVENTION

MONITORING

CHOOSE OPTIONS

ACTION

EVALUATION

IPM

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GLOSSARY

Glossary

Clones: A clone is a clipping of a cannabis plant that someone can propagate into another plant carrying the same genetics as the mother. After it grows new roots, it can be replanted and grown under proper care until harvest. Clones are legal to sell in certain dispensaries, depending on local regulations.

Flower: Smokable, trichome-covered cannabis buds are referred to as flower. Flower is the most popular form of cannabis due to its legacy and versatility.

Calyx: In female cannabis plants, the calyx is the part that forms first as the plant flowers. It is delicate tissue that forms tiny leaves enveloping the prospective seed. The calyx provides stability to the rest of the bud structure as it flowers.

Trichomes: The word trichome comes from the Greek word “Tríchōma,” which means “growth of hair.” They are near-microscopic, threadlike outgrowths that look very similar to hair. Trichomes are different from pistils and are vital because they produce cannabinoids. High-quality cannabis strains are potent because they have more (and larger) trichomes than others. Trichomes produce cannabinoids, and every strain has a unique assortment of them, creating specific characteristics.

Terpenes: Terpenes are a broad array of botanical compounds that contain the scent, flavor, and essential therapeutic uses of a plant. Terpenes are secreted in the same glands as cannabinoids like THC and CBD. This can differentiate the high a user will experience based on the dominance of the terpene associated with that strain.

Cannabinoids: These are the naturally-occurring chemical compounds found in the cannabis plant that react with the human body’s endocannabinoid system. Cannabinoids, in conjunction with the body’s system of absorbing them, can cause temporary changes within a user’s nervous system, stress receptors, and mood. THC and CBD are the most well-known cannabinoids.

Seed-to-sale: Seed-to-sale refers to the lifecycle of the cannabis, from growing the plant to the item going home with a user. Seed-to-sale tracking allows cannabis businesses to track products throughout the plant’s lifecycle from cultivation to sale. The goal is to ensure accountability and transparency.

Terrior: Characterizing cannabis with consideration to the complete natural environment in which a particular cannabis is produced, including factors such as the soil, topography, and climate.

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CANNABIS PLANT SCIENCE MUSIC VIDEO

Cannabis Plant Stages Music Video

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Cultivation

Jobs

SECTION 04

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Cultivation Jobs

Cultivation Technician
Grower
Master Grower
Trimmer
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Specialist
Irrigation Technician
Harvesting and Processing Associate
Greenhouse Manager
Director of Cultivation
Seed Production Specialist
Genetics Specialist
Propagation Manager
Soil and Nutrient Specialist
Facility Maintenance Technician
Production Manager
Compliance Specialist

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Questions?

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