1 of 46

Ch. 8 Warm-Up

  1. What is another name for joints?

​

  • What are the 2 main functions of joints?

​

  • What do you think are the most common joint injuries?

2 of 46

Ch. 8 Warm-Up

John bent over to pick up a dime. What was the type of joint and the movement that occurred at:

  1. his hip joint
  2. at his knees, and
  3. between his index finger and thumb?

3 of 46

Ch. 8 Warm-Up

  1. Tony fell asleep in class, and when he woke up, he let go with a big yawn. To his horror, he couldn’t close his mouth – his lower jaw was “stuck” open. What happened?
  2. What is the cause of Lyme disease?
  3. How you determine by looking at someone suffering from arthritis has OA or RA?

4 of 46

JOINTS

Chapter 8

5 of 46

Joints (or articulations)

  • Where two or more bones meet
  • Functions: movement, hold skeleton together
  • Classified by structure (or function):
    1. Fibrous (synarthroses): immovable joint
    2. Cartilaginous (amphiarthroses): slightly movable
    3. Synovial (diarthroses): freely movable

6 of 46

Fibrous Joints

  • No movement
  • Located:
    • Sutures: bones of skull held together by connective tissue fibers
    • Between teeth & jaws

7 of 46

8 of 46

Cartilaginous Joints

  • Bones united by cartilage
  • Located:
    • Epiphyseal plates
    • Rib & sternum
    • Pubic symphysis

9 of 46

10 of 46

Synovial Joints

  • Bones separated by fluid-containing joint cavity
  • Synovial fluid reduces friction between cartilages
  • Menisci: fibrocartilage that partially divides a joint cavity at knee, reduces friction
  • Bursa: flattened sacs containing synovial fluid, occur where bones, ligaments, tendons, muscles, skin rub together

​

11 of 46

Lateral & Medial Meniscus

12 of 46

Torn medial meniscus

13 of 46

Bursa (fluid-filled sac that cushions between bones & tendons/muscles

14 of 46

Types of Synovial Joints

  1. Plane – wrist
  2. Hinge – elbow, ankle, fingers
  3. Pivot – ulna/radius
  4. Condyloid (ellipsoidal) – wrist, knuckle
  5. Saddle – thumb
  6. Ball-and-socket – shoulder, hip

​

15 of 46

Types of Synovial Joints

16 of 46

17 of 46

18 of 46

19 of 46

20 of 46

21 of 46

22 of 46

Types of Synovial Joints

Types of Synovial Joints

23 of 46

Joint Movement

  • Every skeletal muscle attached to bone or connective tissue at 2+ points
    • Origin: attached to immovable (less movable) bone
    • Insertion: attached to movable bone

​

24 of 46

Types of Synovial Joint Movement

  1. Gliding
  2. Angular movements
  3. Rotation

25 of 46

1. Gliding

  • Flat bone slips over another
  • Back-forth, side to side
  • Eg. Between vertebrae, wrist, ankle

26 of 46

2. Angular Movement

  • Increase or decrease angle between bones

Types:

  1. Flexion: 🡻 angle between bones (bend knee)
  2. Extension: 🡹 angle along sagittal plane, straighten limbs, (unbend knee)
  3. Abduction: “moving away” from midline along frontal plane (spread apart fingers)
  4. Adduction: “move toward” midline (arm moving in)
  5. Circumduction: make “cone” in space (pitcher winding up to throw ball)

27 of 46

Flexion: 🡻 angle between bones

28 of 46

Extension: 🡹 angle along sagittal plane, straighten limbs

29 of 46

Hyperextension

30 of 46

Abduction – Adduction - Circumduction

31 of 46

3. Rotation

  • Turn bone along long axis
  • Eg. Hip, shoulder, swivel head (C1/C2)

​

32 of 46

Special Movements

  • Radius & Ulna:
    • Supination: bones are parallel, anatomical position
      • Sup- = “soup bowl”
    • Pronation: bones form an X, relaxed position
      • Pro- = pro-basketball player dribbles

33 of 46

Special Movements

  • Elevation/Depression: 🡹and 🡻 (shrug, chewing)

34 of 46

Special Movements

  • Foot: inversion (medially)/eversion (laterally)

35 of 46

Special Movements

  • Ankle: dorsiflexion (toes point up)/plantar flexion (toes point down)

36 of 46

Special Movements

  • Jaw: protraction (jut out)/retraction (bring back in)

37 of 46

Special Movements

  • Thumb: opposition (touch to other fingers on hand)

38 of 46

Joint Disorders

  • Arthritis (joint inflammation)
    • Osteoarthritis: wear-and-tear, degeneration
    • Rheumatoid arthritis: chronic inflammation, autoimmune
  • Gout: uric acid deposits in soft tissue of joints
  • Sprain: ligaments stretched or torn
  • Dislocation: bones forced out of alignment
  • Bursitis: inflammation of bursa
  • Tendonitis: inflammation of tendons (overuse)
  • Lyme Disease: tick bite 🡪 joint pain, arthritis, skin rash, flu-like symptoms

39 of 46

Robert Griffin III (RGIII)

  • Repaired lateral collateral ligament (LCL)
  • Reconstructed anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) 2nd time

40 of 46

Common Knee Injury: Hockey Puck

41 of 46

Knee Repair: ACL Surgery

YouTube Video: ACL Surgery

42 of 46

Knee Replacements

43 of 46

Knee Replacement Surgery

Knee Replacement Surgery (Pre-Op Video)

44 of 46

Hip Joint

45 of 46

Hip Arthritis

46 of 46

Hip Replacements