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Cellular Respiration

1. g. Students know the role of the mitochondria in making stored chemical-bond energy available to cells by completing the breakdown of glucose to carbon dioxide.

Mitochondria consist of a matrix where three-carbon fragments originating from carbohydrates are broken down (to CO2 and water) and of the cristae where ATP is produced. Cell respiration occurs in a series of reactions in which fats, proteins, and carbohydrates, mostly glucose, are broken down to produce carbon dioxide, water, and energy. Most of the energy from cell respiration is converted into ATP, a substance that powers most cell activities.

1. i.* Students know how chemiosmotic gradients in the mitochondria and chloroplast store energy for ATP production.

Enzymes called ATP synthase, located within the thylakoid membranes in chloroplasts and cristae membranes in mitochondria, synthesize most ATP within cells. The thylakoid and cristae membranes are impermeable to protons except at pores that are coupled with the ATP synthase. The potential energy of the proton concentration gradient drives ATP synthesis as the protons move through the ATP synthase pores. The proton gradient is established by energy furnished by a flow of electrons passing through the electron transport system located within these membranes.

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Cellular Respiration

Objectives:

Summarize how glucose is broken down in the first stage of cellular respiration.

Describe how ATP is made in the second stage of cellular respiration.

Identify the role of fermentation in the second stage of cellular respiration.

Evaluate the importance of oxygen in aerobic respiration.

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1. g. Students know the role of the mitochondria in making stored chemical-bond energy available to cells by completing the breakdown of glucose to carbon dioxide.

Mitochondria consist of a matrix where three-carbon fragments originating from carbohydrates are broken down (to CO2 and water) and of the cristae where ATP is produced. Cell respiration occurs in a series of reactions in which fats, proteins, and carbohydrates, mostly glucose, are broken down to produce carbon dioxide, water, and energy. Most of the energy from cell respiration is converted into ATP, a substance that powers most cell activities.

1. i.* Students know how chemiosmotic gradients in the mitochondria and chloroplast store energy for ATP production.

Enzymes called ATP synthase, located within the thylakoid membranes in chloroplasts and cristae membranes in mitochondria, synthesize most ATP within cells. The thylakoid and cristae membranes are impermeable to protons except at pores that are coupled with the ATP synthase. The potential energy of the proton concentration gradient drives ATP synthesis as the protons move through the ATP synthase pores. The proton gradient is established by energy furnished by a flow of electrons passing through the electron transport system located within these membranes.

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Mitochondria

The matrix where 3-carbon pieces that came from carbohydrates are broken down to (CO₂ and water)
The cristae is where ATP is made

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Cellular Respiration

Is a series of reactions where fats, proteins, and carbohydrates, mostly glucose, are broken down to make CO₂, water, and energy.

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ATP

Most of the energy from cell respiration is converted into ATP
ATP is a substance that powers most cell activities.

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Vocabulary

Cellular Respiration – the transfer of energy from an organic compound into ATP
Fermentation – the breakdown of carbohydrates by enzymes, bacteria, yeasts, or mold in the absence of oxygen
Pyruvate- an ion of a three-carbon organic acid called pyruvic acid.

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Cellular Respiration

Cellular Energy

The Stages of Cellular Respiration Cellular respiration has two stages.

Glycolysis The first stage of cellular respiration is called glycolysis.

Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration The second stage of cellular respiration is either aerobic respiration (in the presence of oxygen) or anaerobic respiration (in the absence of oxygen). A large amount of ATP is made during aerobic respiration. NAD⁺ is recycled during the anaerobic process of fermentation.

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Cellular Respiration

Stage One: Breakdown of Glucose

Glycolysis Glucose is broken down to pyruvate during glycolysis, making some ATP.

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Cellular Respiration

Stage Two: Production of ATP

Krebs Cycle The Krebs cycle is a series of reactions that produce energy-storing molecules during aerobic respiration.
Electron Transport Chain During aerobic respiration, large amounts of ATP are made in an electron transport chain.

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Cellular Respiration

Fermentation in the Absence of Oxygen

Fermentation When oxygen is not present, fermentation follows glycolysis, regenerating NAD⁺needed for glycolysis to continue.
Lactic Acid Fermentation In lactic acid fermentation, pyruvate is converted to lactate.

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Cellular Respiration

Cellular Respiration is a metabolic process like burning fuel

Releases much of the energy in food to make ATP
This ATP provides cells with the energy they need to carry out the activities of life.
C₆H₁₂O₆+O₂ CO₂ + H₂O + ATP

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