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Paper XI

Biotecniques

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GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS (GMOs)

These are oranganisms which are genetically modified by incorporating alien genes to produce some useful products they can be plants, animals or microorganisms. The GMOs developed by inserting a foreign gene into the genome of an organisms which is called an transgenic organisms .

These organisms are used as bioreactors. The foreign gene introduced is called transgene.The gene introduced either through a vector indirectly or directly injected by microinjection or gene gun.

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NUCLEAR TRANSPLANTATION

Nuclear transfer is a form of cloning ; the steps involve removing the DNA from an oocyte,and injecting the nucleus which contains the DNA to be cloned

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RETROVIRAL METHOD

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BENEFITS OF TRANSGENIC ANIMALS

To study normal physiology and development..

To study the contribution of genes in the development of a diseases.

Biological products.

Vaccine safety testing.

Chemical safety testing

Chemical safety testing (toxicity testing)

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