“The New South”
Bourbon Redeemers: planter/merchant elite
initially moderate
fear of “retrogressing” by younger A.A.s
disenfranchisement
Fifteenth Amendment
poll (head) taxes, literacy tests
1890: Mississippi first
residency requirements
crime disqualification
poll taxes paid by Feb. 1
literacy: “understanding loophole” for whites
1898: Louisiana invented grandfather clauses
Jim Crow
individuals (14th Am. applied to states)
lynchings
1898: Louisiana invented grandfather clauses
Jim Crow
individuals (14th Am. applied to states)
lynchings
STATUTORY RACIAL SEGREGATION EXTENDED TO EVERY FACET OF SOUTHERN LIFE
Booker T. Washington (1859-1915)
virtue of necessity
prophet of the “New South”
Tuskegee Institute
political equality vs. economic advancement
1895 Atlanta Compromise
opportunity vs. grievances
implied endorsement of segregation?
W.E.B. DuBois (1868-1963)
“ceaseless agitation”
demanded the franchise, end of Jim Crow!
“We refuse to surrender the leadership of this
race to cowards and trucklers.”
--DuBois, referring to ___________
W.E.B. DuBois (1868-1963)
“ceaseless agitation”
demanded the franchise, end of Jim Crow!
“We refuse to surrender the leadership of this
race to cowards and trucklers.”
--DuBois, referring to Washington
Washington
vocational education
gain an economic foothold
DuBois
educate leaders to challenge Jim Crow
defeat statutory Jim Crow
The New South
investment, development
abandon ag-only pursuits
wistful nostalgia vs. economic reality
Henry W. Grady (Atlanta Constitution)
Textile Industry: first growth industry (1880s)
Tobacco (bright leaf)
John Ruffin Green: Bull Durham
James Buchanan Duke
advertising, rebates, gimmicks
American Tobacco Company
Coal production
Steel production (Birmingham)
Agriculture (cotton still “king”)
social stratification maintained
sharecropper
tenant farmer
crop lien system
Bourbon redeemers --> fiscal conservatives --> cut spending -->
cuts in education --> declining literacy
convict labor
Colonization of the South (lumber)