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An Overview of Nutrition

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Nutrition in Your Life

  • Nutrition
    • The science of foods and the substances they contain

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Nutrition in Your Life

  • Food
    • Derived from plant or animal sources
      • Provide energy and nutrients
        • Used by the body for maintenance, growth, and repair

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Nutrition in Your Life

  • Diet
    • The foods one consumes
      • The quality of which affects the risk of chronic diseases

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Food Choices

  • Personal preference
  • Habit
  • Ethnic heritage or tradition
  • Social interactions
  • Availability, convenience, economy

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Food Choices

  • Positive and negative associations
  • Emotional comfort
  • Values
  • Body weight and image

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Food Choices

  • Nutrition and health benefits
    • Functional foods
      • Provide health benefits beyond their nutrient contributions
      • Ex. Whole foods, fortified foods

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The Nutrients

  • Energy defined

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  • Nutrient defined

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The Nutrients

  • Composition of foods
    • Six classes of nutrients
    • Nonnutrients

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Body Composition

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The Nutrients

  • Chemical composition of nutrients
    • Inorganic vs. Organic nutrients

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The Nutrients

  • Inorganic nutrients
    • Minerals
    • Water

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The Nutrients

  • Organic nutrients
    • Carbohydrates
    • Lipids
    • Proteins
    • Vitamins

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The Nutrients

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The Nutrients

  • Essential nutrients
  • Macronutrients vs. micronutrients

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Energy-Yielding Nutrients

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  • Calories and kilocalories

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Energy-Yielding Nutrients

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  • Energy from foods
    • Energy density

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Energy Density

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Energy-Yielding Nutrients

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  • Energy in the body
    • Energy for activity
    • Stored energy

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  • Other roles of energy-yielding nutrients

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Vitamins

  • Organic
  • Not energy-yielding
  • Essential
  • Water-soluble vs. fat-soluble
  • Vulnerable to destruction

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Minerals

  • Inorganic
  • Not energy-yielding
  • Essential
  • Indestructible

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Water

  • Inorganic
  • Not energy-yielding
  • Essential

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The Science of Nutrition

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  • Human genome

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  • Nutritional genomics

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Nutrition Research

  • The Scientific Method
    • Hypothesis vs. Theory
    • Experimental group vs. control group
    • Randomization
    • Sample size

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Nutrition Research

  • The Scientific Method
    • Epidemiological studies
    • Laboratory-based studies
    • Human intervention or clinical trials

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Nutrition Research

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Nutrition Research

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Nutrition Research

  • The Scientific Method
    • Placebo effect
      • Blind experiment
      • Double-blind experiment

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Nutrition Research

  • The Scientific Method
    • Correlations and causes
      • Positive correlation vs. negative correlation
      • Replication
    • Peer review

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Nutrition Research

  • Research Vs. Rumors
    • Scientific validity

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Dietary Reference Intakes

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  • Estimated Average Requirements
  • Recommended Dietary Allowances
  • Adequate Intakes
  • Tolerable Upper Limits

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DRI

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DRI

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Energy Recommendations

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  • Estimated Energy Requirement
  • Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges
    • Carbohydrate: 45% - 65%
    • Fat: 20% - 35%
    • Protein: 10% - 35%

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Energy Recommendations

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Using Nutrient Recommendations

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  • Estimates of energy & nutrient intakes apply to healthy people
  • Recommendations are NOT minimum requirements
  • Recommendations are NOT optimal for all people

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Using Nutrient Recommendations

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  • Recommendations should be met by consuming a varied diet
  • Recommendations apply to average daily intakes
  • Each DRI category serves a unique purpose

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Comparing Nutrient Recommendations

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  • U.S. & Canada: DRI Committee

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  • International: FAO and WHO

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Nutrition Assessment

  • Malnutrition
    • Undernutrition vs. overnutrition

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Nutrition Assessment of Individuals

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  • Historical information
  • Anthropometric data
  • Physical examination
  • Laboratory tests

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Nutrition Assessment

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Nutrition Assessment of Individuals

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  • Primary deficiency vs. secondary deficiency
  • Overt symptoms
  • Subclinical deficiency
    • Covert symptoms

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Nutrition Assessment of Populations

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  • National nutrition surveys
  • National health goals
    • Healthy People 2000
    • Healthy People 2010

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Nutrition Assessment of Populations

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Diet and Health

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Diet and Health

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Risk Factors for Chronic Diseases

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  • Risk factors persists
  • Risk factors cluster
  • Risk factors in perspective

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Nutrition Information and Misinformation

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  • Not everything on the Internet is true!!
    • Determination of the reliability of a website
  • Not everything on the news is accurately reported!!

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Nutrition Information and Misinformation

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  • American Dietetic Association (ADA)
  • Registered dietitian (RD)
  • Dietetic technician, registered (DTR)

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Nutrition Information and Misinformation

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  • Finding credible information
    • Government health agencies
    • Volunteer health agencies reputable consumer groups
    • Reputable consumer groups

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Nutrition Information and Misinformation

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  • Finding credible information
    • Professional health organizations
    • Professional journals

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Nutrition Information and Misinformation

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  • Identifying misinformation

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