1 of 25

Particle Physics for �Teachers

2026 African School of Physics �

2 of 25

Indico Schedule for Tuesday 07 July 2026

3 of 25

Periodic Table of the Elements

Scaler,Michka B, CC BY-SA 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons

4 of 25

More fundamental…

5 of 25

What is the world made of?

Atom�(Noyau de l’atome et nuage électronique)

Électron

Noyau de l'atome

Proton�(2 Up Quarks +�1 Down Quark)

Neutron�(1 Up Quarks +�2 Down Quark)

6 of 25

That’s all, right?

NO!

7 of 25

Quarks

  • Electric charge: +2/3 or -1/3
  • Quarks never exist alone!
  • Strong force: three charges – red, green, blue*
  • Weak charges +½ or - ½
  • Quarks form hadrons:
    • Total electric charge = whole number
    • Total strong charge = color neutral (white)

8 of 25

Hadrons

Proton:

⅔ +⅔ -⅓ = 1

u + u + d

blue + red + green = neutral

Neutron:

⅔ -⅓ -⅓ = 0

u + d + d

blue + red + green = neutral

9 of 25

Leptons

Electron, Muon, Tau:

  • No strong charge
  • Intergral electric charge
  • Weak charge

Neutrinos:

  • No strong charge
  • Zero electric charge
  • Weak charge – only interactions
  • Tiny mass

10 of 25

Three Generations

Go back and look at our protons, neutrons, and electrons.

Which generations of particles are they made of?

Quarks

Leptons

3 Générations

11 of 25

Antimatter - Antiparticles

For each type of particle de matter there is an antiparticle with:

  • Same mass
  • Same lifetime
  • Opposite charges:
    • Electric
    • Strong
    • Weak

Antiquarks

Antileptons

3 Générations

12 of 25

The Four Elementary Interactions

Gravitation

Strong

Electromagnetic

Weak

13 of 25

The Four Elementary Interactions

Gluons

Photon

W+ Boson, W- Boson & Z Boson

Hmmm...maybe General Relativity is enough. Or not.

14 of 25

Particle interaction quiz!

  • Mobile phone call
  • Beta decay
  • Atomic nuclei are stable even though protons repel electromagnetically
  • A compass points north
  • Two atoms form a chemical bond
  • A glass falls from the table
  • Two up quarks and a down quark form a proton
  • The sun shines

15 of 25

Examples of interactions

β− decay

Electrons repel

time

time

space

space

16 of 25

Higgs

  • Electrically neutral
  • No strong charge
  • Weak charge -1/2
  • Responsible for the masses of elementary particles
  • Last to be discovered: 2012

17 of 25

Higgs

Service graphique, CERN

18 of 25

Review

19 of 25

More…

  • How do we know?
  • How can we measure particles?

20 of 25

The fundamental particle physics experiment

21 of 25

Qu’est que c’est le LHC? (CERN en 3 minutes, 2019)

 

22 of 25

Large Hadron Collider - LHC

23 of 25

Collider experiments: the beam is the target!

24 of 25

One possibility: A neutral particle (Z boson, for example) is produced – and decays into 2 muons

25 of 25

Speaking of muons…