Sensors and Transducer

IV SEMESTER

ETIC-203

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

1

UNIT-I�Sensors and Transducer

Definition and differences between Sensors and Transducers

Static and Dynamic Characteristics

Electrical and Mechanical Characterization�Bath tub Curve

Potentiometer�Strain gauges�Capacitive sensors-All Types�Inductive sensors

​

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

3

Difference between sensors and transducer

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

4

Difference between sensors and transducer

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

5

Difference between sensors and transducer

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

6

Human Body Sensors

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

7

Transducer

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

8

Transducer

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

9

Difference between sensors and transducer

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

10

Comparison between Sensors &Transducers

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

11

Types of Sensors

​

• Classification of Sensors
• Based on physical laws or convenient distinguishing property
• 1. Active and Passive sensors
• 2. Contact and non-contact sensors
• 3. Absolute and relative sensors
• 4. Others

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

12

Active and Passive sensor

• Passive sensor : A sensor that requires external power to operate, e.g., carbon microphone, thermistors,
• strain gauges, capacitive and inductive sensors, etc.
• The active sensor is also called as parametric sensor (output is a function of a parameter - like resistance)

​

• Active Sensor: It generates its own electric signal and does not require a power source, e.g.
• thermocouples, magnetic microphones, piezoelectric sensors, photodiode.
• Also called as self-generating sensor

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

13

Different Types of sensors

• Contact sensor: A sensor that requires physical contact with the stimulus, e.g., strain gauges,
• temperature sensors

​

• Non-contact sensor:It requires no physical contact, e.g., most optical and magnetic sensors, infrared
• thermometers, etc.

�

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

14

Different Types of sensors

• Absolute sensor: A sensor that reacts to a stimulus on an absolute scale, such as thermistors, strain
• gauges, etc., (thermistor always reads the absolute temperature)

​

• Relative sensors: The stimulus is sensed relative to a fixed or variable reference, for example
• thermocouple measures the temperature difference; pressure is often measured relative to
• atmospheric pressure

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

15

Classification

• Classification based on broad area of detection: Electric sensors, Magnetic, Electromagnetic, Acoustic, Chemical,
• Optical, Heat, Temperature, Mechanical, Radiation, Biological etc.
• Classification based on physical law: Photoelectric, Magnetoelectric, Thermoelectric, Photoconductive,
• Photomagnetic, Thermomagnetic, Thermotic, Electrochemical, Magneto resistive, Photo elastic etc.
• Classification based on Specification: Accuracy, sensitivity, Stability, response time, hysteresis, Frequency response, input, resolution, linearity, hardness, cost, size, weight, conduction materials, temperature etc.

​

​

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

16

Classification

input, resolution, linearity, hardness, cost, size, weight, conduction materials, temperature etc.

​

• Classification as per Application: Agriculture, Automotive, Civil engineering and construction, Domestic appliances,
• Commerce, Finance Environment, Meteorology, security, Energy, Information and Telecommunication, Health and
• medicine, Marine, Military and Space, Recreation and toys, Scientific measurement, Manufacturing and
• Transportation and many more…

​

​

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

17

Classification

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

18

Types of Sensors

• Different Types of Sensors
• The following is a list of different types of sensors that are commonly used in various applications. All these sensors are used for measuring one of the physical properties like Temperature, Resistance, Capacitance, Conduction, Heat Transfer etc.
• Temperature Sensor
• Proximity Sensor
• Accelerometer
• IR Sensor (Infrared Sensor)
• Pressure Sensor

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

19

Types of Sensors

6. Light Sensor
7. Ultrasonic Sensor
8. Smoke, Gas and Alcohol Sensor
9. Touch Sensor
10. Color Sensor
11. Humidity Sensor
12. Tilt Sensor
13. Flow and Level Sensor

​

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

20

Classification

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

21

Classification

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

22

Properties of Good Sensor

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

23

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

24

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

25

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

26

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

27

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

28

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

29

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

30

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

31

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

32

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

33

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

34

Characteristics of Sensors &Transducers

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

35

Characteristics of Sensors &Transducers

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

36

Static Characteristics

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

37

Static Characteristics

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

38

Static Characteristics

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

39

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

40

Static Characteristics

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

41

Static Characteristics

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

42

Static Characteristics

• Resolution: Some elements are characterized by the output
• increasing in a series of discrete steps or jumps in response to a
• continuous increase in input. Resolution is defined as the largest
• change in I that can occur without any corresponding change in O.

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

43

Dynamic Characteristics

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

44

Dynamic Characteristics

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

45

Dynamic Characteristics

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

46

Bathtub Curve

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

47

Bathtub Curve

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

48

Bathtub Curve

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

49

INFANT MORTALITY PERIOD

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

50

NORMAL LIFE PERIOD

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

51

WEAR OUT PERIOD

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

52

Potentiometer

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

53

Potentiometer

• Potentiometer :It is defined as a three-terminal resistor having either sliding or rotating contact that forms an adjustable voltage divider. In order to use the potentiometer as a rheostat or variable resistor, it should have only two terminals with one end and the wiper.

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

54

Potentiometer working principle

The potentiometer consists of L which is a long resistive wire and a battery of known EMF V whose voltage is known as driver cell voltage. Assume a primary circuit arrangement by connecting the two ends of L to the battery terminals. One end of the primary circuit is connected to the cell whose EMF E is to be measured and the other end is connected to galvanometer G. This circuit is assumed to be a secondary circuit.

�

Properties of Potentiometer

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

55

Construction of Linear Potentiometer

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

56

Ckt Diagram

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

57

Mathematical Description

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

58

Mathematical Description

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

59

Strain gauge

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

60

Basic Term used in Strain Gauge

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

61

Basic Term used in Strain Gauge

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

62

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

63

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

64

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

65

Theory of Strain Gauge

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

66

Theory of Strain Gauge

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

67

Theory of Strain Gauge

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

68

Theory of Strain Gauge

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

69

Advantages and Disadvantages

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

70

Ideal Material for Strain Gauge

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

71

Types of Strain Gauge

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

72

Types of Strain Gauge

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

73

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

74

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

75

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

76

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

77

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

78

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

79

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

80

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

81

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

82

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

83

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

84

Inductive Sensors

• An inductive sensor is a device that uses the principle of electromagnetic induction to detect or measure objects. An inductor develops a magnetic field when a current flows through it; alternatively, a current will flow through a circuit containing an inductor when the magnetic field through it changes. This effect can be used to detect metallic objects that interact with a magnetic field. Non-metallic substances such as liquids or some kinds of dirt do not interact with the magnetic field, so an inductive sensor can operate in wet or dirty conditions

​

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

85

Basic Terms in Inductive Sensors

Simple Inductance

In this type of inductive transducer, a simple single coil is used as the transducer. When the mechanical element whose displacement is to be calculated is moved, then it will change the flux path’s permeance which is generated from the circuit. It modifies the inductance of the circuit as well as the equivalent output. The circuit o/p can be directly adjusted against the input value. Therefore, directly it provides the parameter’s valve to be calculated.

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

86

Basic Terms in Inductive Sensors

Two-Coil Mutual Inductance

• In this type of transducer, there are two different coils are arranged. In the primary coil, the excitation can be generated with external power source whereas in the next coil the output can be attained. Both the mechanical input as well as output are proportional.

​

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

87

Inductive Transducer Working Principle

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

88

The working principle of an inductive transducer is the magnetic material’s induction. Just like the electrical conductor’s resistance, it depends on various factors. The magnetic material’s induction can depend on different variables like the twists of the coil over the material, the magnetic material’s size, & he flux’s permeability.

Inductive Sensor Ckt Diagram

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

89

Basic Principle of Inductive sensor

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

90

Basic Principle of Inductive sensor

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

91

Basic Principle of Inductive sensor

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

92

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

93

Eddy Current Production

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

94

Transformer Type Transducer

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

95

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

96

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

97

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

98

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

99

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

100

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

101

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

102

Principle

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

103

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

104

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

105

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

106

Capacitive Transducer(sensors)�

Definition: The capacitive transducer is used for measuring the displacement, pressure and other physical quantities. It is a passive transducer that means it requires external power for operation. The capacitive transducer works on the principle of variable capacitances. The capacitance of the capacitive transducer changes because of many reasons like overlapping of plates, change in distance between the plates and dielectric constant.

​

The capacitive transducer contains two parallel metal plates. These plates are separated by the dielectric medium which is either air, material, gas or liquid. In the normal capacitor the distance between the plates are fixed, but in capacitive transducer the distance between them are varied.

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

107

Capacitive Transducer

• The capacitive transducer contains two parallel metal plates. These plates are separated by the dielectric medium which is either air, material, gas or liquid. In the normal capacitor the distance between the plates are fixed, but in capacitive transducer the distance between them are varied.
• The capacitive transducer uses the electrical quantity of capacitance for converting the mechanical movement into an electrical signal. The input quantity causes the change of the capacitance which is directly measured by the capacitive transducer.

​

• The capacitors measure both the static and dynamic changes. The displacement is also measured directly by connecting the measurable devices to the movable plate of the capacitor. It works on with both the contacting and non-contacting modes

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

108

Principle of Operation

The equations below express the capacitance between the plates of a capacitor

​

​

​

Where A – overlapping area of plates in m²�d – the distance between two plates in meter�ε – permittivity of the medium in F/m�ε_r – relative permittivity�ε₀ – the permittivity of free space

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

109

Principle of Operation

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

110

The schematic diagram of a parallel plate capacitive transducer is shown in the figure below. 

Capacitive Transducer

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

111

Capacitive Transducer

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

112

Capacitive Transducer

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

113

Capacitive Transducer

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

114

Capacitive Transducer

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

115

Capacitive Transducer

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

116

Capacitive Transducer

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

117

Capacitive Transducer

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

118

Capacitive Transducer

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

119

Capacitive Transducer

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

120

Capacitive Transducer

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

121

Capacitive Transducer

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

122

Capacitive Transducer

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

123

Capacitive Transducer

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

124

Capacitive Transducer

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

125

Capacitive Transducer

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

126

Capacitive Transducers

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

127

Capacitive Transducer

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

128

Capacitive Transducer

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

129

Capacitive Transducer

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

130

Application Of Capacitive transducer

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

131

The capacitive transducer is mainly used for measurement of linear displacement. The capacitive transducer uses the following three effects.

• Variation in capacitance of transducer is because of the overlapping of capacitor plates.
• The change in capacitance is because of the change in distances between the plates.
• The capacitance changes because of dielectric constant.

Advantage of Capacitive Transducer�

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

132

​

The following are the major advantages of capacitive transducers.

• It requires an external force for operation and hence very useful for small systems.
• The capacitive transducer is very sensitive.
• It gives good frequency response because of which it is used for the dynamic study.
• The transducer has high input impedance hence they have a small loading effect.
• It requires small output power for operation.

Disadvantages of capacitive Transducer�

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

133

The main disadvantages of the transducer are as follows.

• The metallic parts of the transducers require insulation.
• The frame of the capacitor requires earthing for reducing the effect of the stray magnetic field.
• Sometimes the transducer shows the nonlinear behaviors because of the edge effect which is controlled by using the guard ring.
• The cable connecting across the transducer causes an error.

Uses of Capacitive Transducer�

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

134

The following are the uses of capacitive transducer.

1. The capacitive transducer uses for measurement of both the linear and angular displacement. It is extremely sensitive and used for the measurement of very small distance.
2. It is used for the measurement of the force and pressures. The force or pressure, which is to be measured is first converted into a displacement, and then the displacement changes the capacitances of the transducer.
3. It is used as a pressure transducer in some cases, where the dielectric constant of the transducer changes with the pressure.

Uses of Capacitive Transducer

4. It is used as a pressure transducer in some cases, where the dielectric constant of the transducer changes with the pressure.
5. The humidity in gases is measured through the capacitive transducer.
6. The transducer uses the mechanical modifier for measuring the volume, density, weight etc.

​

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

135

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

136

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

137

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

138

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

139

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

140

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

141

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

142

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

143

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

144

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

145

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

146

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

147

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

148

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

149

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

150

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

151

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

152

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

153

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

154

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

155

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

156

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

157

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

158

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

159

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

160

Hall Effect Sensor

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

161

Hall Effect Sensor

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

162

Hall Effect Sensor

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

163

Hall Effect Sensor

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

164

Hall Effect Sensor

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

165

Hall Effect Sensor

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

166

Hall Effect Sensor

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

167

Hall Effect Sensor

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

168

Hall Effect Sensor

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

169

Hall Effect Sensor

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

170

Hall Effect Sensor

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

171

Application of Hall Effect Sensors

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

172

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

173

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

174

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

175

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

176

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

177

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

178

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

179

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

180

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

181

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

182

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

183

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

184

Proximity sensor

​

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

185

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

186

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

187

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

188

Anisotropic Magnetoresistive effect�Geometrical Magnetoresistive Effect

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

189

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

190

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

191

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

192

​

​

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

193

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

194

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

195

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

196

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

197

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

198

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

199

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

200

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

201

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

202

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

203

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

204

SQUID SENSORS

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

205

SQUID SENSORS

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

206

SQUID SENSORS

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

207

SQUID SENSORS

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

208

SQUID SENSORS

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

209

SQUID SENSORS

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

210

SQUID SENSORS

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

211

SQUID SENSORS

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

212

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

213

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

214

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

215

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

216

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

217

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

218

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

219

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

220

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

221

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

222

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

223

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

224

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

225

Photoemissive sensor

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

226

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

227

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

228

Scintillation Sensors

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

229

Scintillation Sensors

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

230

Scintillation Sensors

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

231

Scintillation Sensors

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

232

Scintillation Sensors

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

233

Scintillation Sensors

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

234

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

235

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

236

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

237

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

238

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

239

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

240

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

241

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

242

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

243

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

244

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

245

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

246

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

247

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

253

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

254

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

255

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

256

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

257

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

258

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

259

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

260

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

261

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

262

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

263

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

264

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

265

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

266

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

267

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

268

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

269

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

270

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

271

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

272

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

273

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

274

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

275

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

276

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

277

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

278

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

279

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

280

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

281

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

282

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

283

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

284

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

285

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

286

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

287

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

288

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

289

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

290

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

291

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

292

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

293

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

294

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

295

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

296

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

297

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

298

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

299

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

300

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

301

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

302

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

303

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

304

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

305

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

306

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

307

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

308

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

309

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

310

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

311

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

312

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

313

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

314

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

315

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

316

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

317

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

318

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

319

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

320

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

321

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

322

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

323

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

324

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

325

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

326

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

327

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

328

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

329

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

330

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

331

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

332

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

333

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

334

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

335

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

336

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

337

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

338

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

339

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

340

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

341

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

342

Interferometer

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

343

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

344

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

345

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

346

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

347

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

348

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

349

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

350

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

351

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

352

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

353

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

354

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

355

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

356

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

357

Seismic Mass transducer

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

358

Seismic Mass transducer

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

359

Seismic Mass transducer

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

360

Seismic Mass transducer

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

361

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

362

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

363

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

364

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

365

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

366

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

367

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

368

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

369

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

370

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

371

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

372

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

373

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

374

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

375

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

376

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

377

Design Elements of Control System

1. Define Control Objective
2. Select Measurements
3. Select Manipulated Variables
4. Best Control Configuration
5. Design of controllers

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVCOE New Delhi Subject: Sensor and Transducer , Instructor: Ritambhra Katoch

378

Define Control Objectives

Input Variables

Output variables