Where can image classification be used?

• Medical imaging is a critical part of the healthcare system

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• As AI becomes more advanced, it will start playing more of a role in diagnostics and therapeutic care for patients

Important Problem: Cancer

How does AI detect Cancer Cells

This is a much harder problem than identifying animals or plants

• Need to image cells, which don’t feature as much natural variation as do larger objects

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• Doctors spend years of training to identify cancer cells

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• Can/should we train AI algorithms to do it?

What is Mitosis

Mitosis is cell division

• one cell divides to produce two identical “daughter” cells
• this is done in an organized way, to make sure that the two cells created at the end have exactly the right number of chromosomes

Why is it important?

• to grow, for example a baby growing into an adult
• to regenerate, for example a wound healing
• to reproduce, in single-celled organisms like yeast this is how they reproduce

The phases of mitosis

• Prophase
• Metaphase
• Anaphase
• Telophase

What is the normal cell cycle

Normally, cells go through a typical cell cycle which involves several phases

1 - Interphase

• first the cell has to grow
• then the cell has to copy its DNA (genetic material)
• the cell then grows some more to prepare for division

2 - Mitosis phases

• the cell divides to make two identical daughter cells
• there are 4 stages of Mitosis.

3 - Prophase

• spindle fibers form and chromosomes pair up

4 - Metaphase

• Spindle fibers pull the chromosomes to the center of the nuclei

5 - Anaphase

• spindle fibers begin to pull the chromosomes apart
• 6 - Telophase
• two new nuclei begin to form

Example Cell Cycle

chromosomes

nuclei

spindle fibers

Interphase

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Prophase

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metaphase

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anaphase

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telophase

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cytokinesis

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https://youtu.be/U6bpAPda1lQv

1

2

3

4

6

5

What is Cancer

• Uncontrolled Mitosis
• many cells continue to grow and divide
• Cancer cells, grow without input from the body.
• large dark nucleus
• can grow their own blood supply
• abnormal number of chromosomes, unorganized
• Cancer cells, ignore signals that would cause them to stop dividing.
• variation in size and shape
• Cancer cells don’t age or die like a normal cell.

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For the purposes of this vignette

we will define “non-mitosis” as cancer.

How can AI help us?

• https://mitosis-detection.herokuapp.com/

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• Dataset of breast cancer histological images

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• Task: determine if cell is undergoing mitosis or non-mitosis

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• How accurate are humans? How accurate are medical doctors?

Teachable Machine: Mitosis detection

• Let’s use a neural network to do image classification

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• First collect a dataset of training images: mitosis and non-mitosis

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ffEVJo7tKtQopNA1O9LMSRpqgk9x8RaW/view?usp=sharing

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• Train a model on Teachable machine to classify between the two classes

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• Test the model on test data (not seen before by the neural network)

Questions for Conversation

Will this AI work if the cells are presented under a different reagent? or at a different magnification?

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If this AI is accurate 80 percent of the time in this application, what is it’s value to science?

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Are there ethical use questions for this type of data, and does that affect the outcome of our database, and AI?

TikTok Algorithm of MetaData vs a Neural Network for Images

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• Tiktok gets data from tags, likes, time watched, what other people like - and uses this data to recommend a video.

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• TikTok algorithm does not see the video or recognize the content of the video

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• A Neural Network (like the teachable machine) �can learn to see the differences in the images�presented to it.

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• This AI won’t be accurate 100 percent of the time, �but can be used to assist trained professionals

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