Information Transfer�What does it mean?

Presenting verbal accounts of information-

facts and processes

In pictorial form

and

Changing graphic presentations

to

writing

Learning Objective

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restate

a given body of material

in different ways

Key Words

• Narration,
• process description
• Listing
• Classifying
• Comparison
• Contrast
• Showing cause& effect relationship
• Generalizing from numerical data

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Real world situation

to present data in graphical or table form

in project reports and technical reports

For

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• understanding at a glance
• comparison
• Quick analysis and

Advantages of graphical/pictorial presentation

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• quick view of a large amount of data
• finding information easily
• Effective summarization
• Making comparisons easily

Various kinds of graphical presentations

• Line graph
• Bar graph
• Pie chart
• Tables
• Flow diagrams
• Tree diagrams
• Pictograms
• Maps and plans

Linking Key words with concepts

• line graph –variations in data
• Bar graph -comparison
• Pie chart -division
• Tables -arrange data
• Flow diagrams -represent a process
• Tree diagrams -structure of an organization
• Pictograms -depicts information in pictures
• Maps and plans -outlines and boundaries

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When are graphs useful?

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Graphs work best when the data presentation:

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• Is used to communicate a message that is contained in the shape of the data
• Is used to reveal relationship among many values

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LINE GRAPH

A line graph is useful in

• displaying data or information that
• changes continuously over time. The points on a line graph are connected by a line.

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Example- Line Graph -Interpretation

Figure 1 shows sales of mobile phones per month. As can be seen, it covers the years 1998 to 2001 and shows that the sales of mobile phones declined steadily in 1998, then remained steady from May until the end of the year. The sales rose more and more steeply, throughout 1999, with a steep increase at the end of the year, and reached a peak of 6,200 in February 2000. A sharp fall followed but sales levelled off at about 5,300 per month in April, fluctuated slightly through the year, and are now increasing again. The figures seem to indicate that we have recovered from the problems in mid-2000 and are on target to improve on our February 2000 peak by the end of 2002.

Describing change

�Example 2: �

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• Sarah bought a new car in 2001 for $24,000. The dollar value of her car changed each year as shown in the table below.

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Questions on the Exercise

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• Interpret the graph and write about the change in the dollar value of Sarahs car each year.

Bar Graphs

Bar Graphs are used to

• compare values/ quantities across categories

BAR GRAPH

BAR GRAPH

Pie Charts

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Pie charts are used

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• To illustrate parts of a whole as percentages

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• To show comparative values

PIE CHART

PIE CHART

Flow charts

easy-to-understand diagrams

showing how

steps in a process fit together.

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useful tools

for communicating

how processes work

Flow chart

A diagram that uses graphic symbols to depict the nature and flow of the steps in a process.

What is a Flow chart

​

a graphical or symbolic representation

of a process.

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• Each step in the process is represented by a different symbol and contains a short description of the process step.

�Block Diagram – Flow Chart�

A tool that makes use of

a picture of any design, process, or procedure

that portrays

• the design logic
• the connection of its components or
• the logical flow of a process or procedure.

A flow chart can be used to

• Define and analyze processes;

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• Build a step-by-step picture of the process for analysis, discussion, or communication; and

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• Define, standardize or find areas for improvement in a process

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Uses of Flow Charts

Flowcharts are used in

analyzing, designing, documenting or managing a process or program

in various fields.

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�Most flow charts are made up of three main types of symbol:�

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• Elongated circles

(signify the start or end of a process)

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• Rectangles

(show instructions or actions)

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• Diamonds

(show decisions that must be made )

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• Symbols are connected one to the other by arrows

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Flow Chart�stages from the discovery of oil to �sale of petrol in the filling station. �

Sample Flow chart

Sample organization chart

FLOW CHART

When to use a Tree Diagram

• When analyzing processes in detail.
• When probing for the root cause of a problem.
• When evaluating implementation issues for several potential solutions.

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• After an affinity diagram or relations diagram has uncovered key issues.
• As a communication tool, to explain details to others

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�When to Use a Tree Diagram �

• When an issue is known or being addressed in broad generalities and you must move to specific details, such as when developing logical steps to achieve an objective.

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• When developing actions to carry out a solution or other plan.

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TREE DIAGRAM

Decision trees

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• A decision tree diagram is a diagram that represents the possible consequences of a series of decisions in some situation. Here is a simple example

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Example of a decision Tree

Tables

Tables work best when the data presentation:

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• Is used to look up or compare individual values
• Requires precise values
• Values involve multiple units of measure

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Purpose of using Tables

• Tables are useful for presenting large quantity of information clearly and concisely.

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• They display numerical data in columns and rows for easy classification and comparison

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• Tables are interpretable without text.

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• Tables can form a summary of information, or they may be a starting point for a discussion.

SEEDLING DISTRIBUTION, 1984-1988

Table showing no. of customers�using internet at various subscription rates

• EXERCISE:
• The graph below shows Internet Usage in Malaysia by Age Group, 2005 – 2007.

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• Write a report from the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.

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• Include an introduction and conclusion in your writing. Write in ONE paragraph only. You should write at least 150 words.

Model Answer

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The graph shows changes in the age profile of Internet users in Malaysia between 2005 and 2007. The main users of Internet are young adults between 16-30 years old. In 2005, they accounted for more than half of all users. In 2006, it dropped slightly to 45%, and 44% in 2007. The second biggest group is aged between 31 and 50. They made up 41% in 2005, failing slightly to 37% in 2007. When combined with the 16-30 age groups, both groups made up over 90% of all users in Malaysia. However, this number is dropping steadily as more children and older users started to use the Internet. In 2006, children online quadrupled from 2% to 8%, and it continues to increase in 2007. There were similar increases for older users, rising from 4% in 2005 to 10% in 2000. In conclusion, although adults have the highest percentage, their share is declining as more children and older users join the web.