1 of 56

Concept and Definition of Tourism

For MPD Utilization

Jakarta, Okt 2024

Badung, September 19^th 2025

Agus Ruslani

Senior Statistician

Director of Finance, Information Technology, and Tourism Statistics

BPS-Statistics Indonesia

MPD Short Course for Official Statistics

2 of 56

WHAT IS TOURISM?

Early 20th Century: The Grand Tour Era

Definitions centered on the activities of the elite, focusing on travel for pleasure, culture, and education. It was seen primarily as a leisure activity for a specific social class.

Mid-20th Century: Post-War Era

As mass travel became accessible, definitions began to incorporate a business and economic component. Tourism started to be recognized as an industry with suppliers, consumers, and infrastructure.

Late 20th Century (1980s-1990s): Standardization

International bodies like the precursor to the UNWTO worked to create standardized definitions for statistical purposes. The focus shifted to measurable criteria like duration of stay and purpose of travel (business vs. leisure).

21st Century: The Holistic View

The modern UNWTO definition reflects a comprehensive view, describing tourism as a "social, cultural and economic phenomenon." This acknowledges its wide-ranging impacts beyond simple travel, including its effects on host communities and the environment.

3 of 56

WHAT IS TOURISM?

4 of 56

COMPARATIVE DEFINITIONAL CRITERIA

Defining Body	Duration	Purpose	Distance Thresholds	Key Exclusions
UNWTO	Max. 1 consecutive year, and >24 hours	Leisure, business, other purposes	Outside "usual environment"	Persons employed in visited place, commuters, military
Australia (ABS)	<1 consecutive year, >24 hours (overnight trip)	All purposes	40km (overnight), 50km (day trip round trip)	Persons for whom travel is a job, commuters, military, those moving to new residence
UK	<1 consecutive year	Pleasure, commercial purposes	Outside "usual environment"	Persons for whom travel is a job, commuters
India	>24 hours (for "foreign tourist")	Leisure, business, family, mission, meeting	Not specified	People establishing residence, same-day visitors, land-based visitors from Nepal and Bhutan

5 of 56

KEY CONSTRAINT

Duration

<1 year

The stay must not exceed one consecutive year.

Environment

Outside Usual�Environment

Travel must be to a place distinct from where one lives and works.

7 of 56

CONCEPT BY UNWTO

Someone who moves between different geographic locations for any purpose and any duration.
Travel within a country by residents is called domestic travel.

Traveler

a traveler taking a trip to a main destination:
outside his/her usual environment,
for less than a year,
for any main purpose (business, leisure, or other personal purposes) other than to be employed by a resident entity in the country or place visited.

Visitor

Trip

A trip refers to the travel by a person from the time of departure from his usual residence until he/she returns.

Tourism refers to the Activity of Visitors

8 of 56

IRTS-2008, vers.2016-para. 2.6

Traveling within Indonesia, between districts/cities.

9 of 56

DOMESTIC TOURISM CONCEPT IN INDONESIA

Traveling within Indonesia, between districts/cities.

10 of 56

IRTS-2008, vers.2016-para. 2.9

Trips are made outside the usual environment.

11 of 56

DOMESTIC TOURISM CONCEPT IN INDONESIA

Traveling within Indonesia, between districts/cities.

Trips are made outside the usual environment.

12 of 56

IRTS-2008, vers.2016-para. 2.28

Not done routinely or maximum 3 times per month go to the same destination

13 of 56

DOMESTIC TOURISM CONCEPT IN INDONESIA

Traveling within Indonesia, between districts/cities.

Trips are made outside the usual environment.

Not done routinely or maximum 3 times per month go to the same destination

14 of 56

IRTS-2008, vers.2016-para. 2.37

Trip length is less than or equal to 12 months.

15 of 56

DOMESTIC TOURISM CONCEPT IN INDONESIA

Traveling within Indonesia, between districts/cities.

Trips are made outside the usual environment.

Not done routinely or maximum 3 times per month go to the same destination

Trip length is less than or equal to 12 months.

16 of 56

IRTS-2008, vers.2016-para. 2.37

Not for the purpose of earning wages/salaries from residents in the destination.

17 of 56

DOMESTIC TOURISM CONCEPT IN INDONESIA

Traveling within Indonesia, between districts/cities.

Trips are made outside the usual environment.

Not done routinely or maximum 3 times per month go to the same destination

Trip length is less than or equal to 12 months.

Not for the purpose of earning wages/salaries from residents in the destination.

18 of 56

Travel in the destination district for at least 6 hours.

19 of 56

DOMESTIC TOURISM CONCEPT IN INDONESIA

Traveling within Indonesia, between districts/cities.

Trips are made outside the usual environment.

Not done routinely or maximum 3 times per month go to the same destination

Trip length is less than or equal to 12 months.

Not for the purpose of earning wages/salaries from residents in the destination.

Travel in the destination district for at least 6 hours.

20 of 56

How About Outbound and Inbound Tourism?

21 of 56

IRTS-2008, vers.2016-para. 2.6 and 2.9

Traveling abroad from country of residence (counting country) to another country.

22 of 56

DOMESTIC TOURISM CONCEPT IN INDONESIA

Traveling within Indonesia, between districts/cities.

Domestic

Traveling abroad from country of residence (counting country) to another country.

Outbound

23 of 56

IRTS-2008, vers.2016-para. 2.6 and 2.9

Traveling abroad from country of residence to counting country.

24 of 56

TOURISM CONCEPT IN INDONESIA

Traveling within Indonesia, between districts/cities.

Domestic

Traveling abroad from country of residence (counting country) to another country.

Outbound

Traveling abroad from country of residence to counting country.

Inbound

25 of 56

WHAT IS MPD?

Mobile Positioning Data (MPD) is a person's location data from a series of times obtained from mobile phone location data logs.

Active Positioning�Location information actively determined through user-initiated interactions and real-time device communication (e.g. GPS).

Passive Positioning�Location information is generated by�utilizing information derived from �charging events (phone to BTS)

MPD

WHO:

msisdn

WHEN:

datetime

WHERE:

lat, long

“

Positioning Approaches from�Mobile Phone Data

26 of 56

HOW IT WORKS?

Forms of Mobile Phone Data

Call Detail Records (CDR)

CHG (Charging Data)

Billing domain log which stores successful charging transaction record such calls, messaging, etc.

LBA (Location Based Advertising)

The technology is used to pinpoint consumers location and provide location-specific advertisements on their mobile devices.

UPCC (Unified Policy �and Charging Controller)

It provides policy, service, subscription, quota, and bearer resource management functions, as well as admission control for internet data usage.

msisdn	datetime	source	latitude	longitude
bscjgug54SAaQs	2022-01-01 07:45:43.000	LBA_ALL	-6.30878	107.011105
bscjgug54SAaQs	2022-01-01 11:15:07.000	LBA_ALL	-6.277003	106.992386
bscjgug54SAaQs	2022-01-01 11:45:12.000	LBA_ALL	-6.226137	107.000055
bscjgug54SAaQs	2022-01-01 13:15:07.000	LBA_ALL	-6.309075	107.00911
bscjgug54SAaQs	2022-01-03 16:37:06.000	CHG_POST	-6.305717	107.008733

Sample

CDR Data

The data is stored in MNO’s due to the huge of data amount consume huge storage and confidentiality of data privacy therefore the data can only be processed in MNO’s environment.

27 of 56

DEFINE SPECIFIC CONCEPT USING MPD DATA

Usual Environment

Routine (daily, weekly, monthly)
May have second or third home

LOS 1d

LOS 7h

LOS 4h

Visit

Determine own country’s cut off of visit LOS
Establish own country’s circular definition

28 of 56

DEFINE SPECIFIC CONCEPT USING MPD DATA

LOS 1d

LOS 7h

LOS 4h

Visit

Main

Visit

LOS Visit at City B is 7 hours or 0 day

LOS Visit at City C is 1 day

LO Trip is 1 day 11 hours from Home to City C

29 of 56

DEFINE SPECIFIC CONCEPT USING MPD DATA

LOS 4h

LOS 8h

LOS 5h

LOS 1d

LOS 4h

Visit

LOS 9h

Visit

LOS 12h

Visit

LOS 1d

LO Trip is 1 day 21 hours from Home to City C

30 of 56

DEFINE SPECIFIC CONCEPT USING MPD DATA

30 – 31 August

1 September

5 h

2 – 3 September

4 – 5 September

5 September

30 August

31 of 56

DEFINE SPECIFIC CONCEPT USING MPD DATA

30 – 31 August

1 September

5 h

2 – 3 September

4 – 5 September

5 September

30 August

	August	September
Visit	1 visit: To City A for 1 days	2 visit: To City B for 3 days; To City C for 2 days
Trip	N/A	1 Trip: To City B for 6 days

32 of 56

QUIZ TIME

33 of 56

Join at

quiz.com

Enter the code:

xxxxxxx

34 of 56

MPD DEVELOPMENT JOURNEY

2016 - 2017

Initiation to study MPD Utilization

As a complementary immigration administrative inbound data
MoT, BPS and Positium initiate to utilize MPD to calculate cross-border inbound visit
Reference cross-border inbound survey has been held to obtain extrapolation formula
Cross-border inbound visits officially release since 2017

2018

Specializing Algorithm on Domestic Pattern

Found possibility to implement MPD utilization on calculating domestic tourism trips
Stepping on organizing BPS’s MPD utilization procurement with MNO

2019

Key of Domestic Tourism Trips has been found

BPS own-made algorithm to predict usual environment pattern has been used in the script of domestic tourism trips
Expand the MPD Utilization on Outbound tourism trips calculation

35 of 56

2020

Transition Process

Transition process from traditional survey with MPD utilization
Domestic tourism trips by MPD method has been released replacing traditional survey data
Smaller scope of traditional survey still conducted as a comparison. The result shown MPD method has similar pattern with traditional one.

2021

Business Process Transformation

Fully replacing annual traditional survey of domestic and outbound tourism with MPD and digital survey
By MPD, we can obtain number of trips, number of tourists, length of stay and length of trip,
By Digital Survey, we obtain characteristic of trips and trip expenditure

2022 - now

Maturation and Stability

Agile process continue to strengthen algorithm adapting with current condition and getting closer to the concept.
Quality assurance is continuously developed to ensure that the raw data used by MNOs is appropriate and the output produced is correct.
BPS disseminates best practices that have been implemented to other countries that are interested in utilizing MPD.
Indonesia, through the Statistics Indonesia (BPS), has been entrusted with implementing the Regional Hub on Big Data and Data Science for Asia and the Pacific.

36 of 56

HOW IT WORKS?

MNO

Has raw data
Has storage
Has environment
Has direct access to customer

BPS

Has concept
Has algorithm
Has script
Has platform digital survey

Contract, script, QA

Output, Report, QA Result

MPD

Sampling Frame

Digital Survey

Output MPD

Response Survey Data

BPS Process The Output

Number of Trips
Number of Unique Tourist
Avg Length of Trips
Trips Characteristics
Avg Trips Expenditure

37 of 56

BUSINESS PROCESS TRANSFORMATION

Fully Traditional Survey

MPD Utilization

Initially attached in the Socio Economy Survey
Using independent direct interview survey from 2017 until 2019

Utilize mobile positioning data to obtain mobility data
Study initially in 2016 with MoT to obtained cross-border inbound data
2018-2019, BPS studied of MPD utilization for domestic tourism
2020 officially used as new source data for official statistics

COMBINE APPROACH

Evidence Based Approach

Confession Based Approach

Output of MPD
Processing location based cellular transaction data
Obtain number of trips, number of visitors, length of stay
Visitor profiling used as sampling frame

Self-enumeration by digital survey to profiled domestic visitors
Asking characteristics of trips, trip expenditures, demographic characteristics, accommodation and transportation mode

38 of 56

COMBINE APPROACH

MPD

Domestic Tourism

N.o. Trips
N.o. Tourists
N.o. Visits
Avg. Length of Stay
Avg. Length of Trip
Dist. by Home and Dest. District
Dist. by DPP DPSP

Outbound Tourism

N.o. Trips
N.o. Tourists
N.o. Visits
Avg. Length of Stay
Avg. Length of Trip
Dist. by Dest. Country

Inbound Tourism

N.o. Visits
N.o. Visitors
Avg. Length of Stay
Dist. by Nationality
Dist. by Gates and Borders
Dist. by DPP DPSP

Digital Survey

DS. Domestic Tourism

CAWI Self-Enumeration
Demographic
Trip Characteristics
Trip Purposes
Avg. Trip Expenditure

DS. Outbound Tourism

CAWI Self-Enumeration
Demographic
Trip Characteristics
Trip Purposes
Avg. Trip Expenditure

Passenger Exit Survey

CAPI by Enumerators
Demographic
Visit Characteristics
Visit Purposes
Avg. Visit Expenditure

Sampling Frame

Administrative Data from Immigration Office

Complementary

39 of 56

ESTIMATING POPULATION FROM MPD RESULTS

MPD

Domestic Tourism

Outbound Tourism

Inbound Tourism

Weight Survey

SUSENAS

2018 Border Survey

Population Data

MPD Dom. Tour. X Susenas

Immigration Data

Complimentary Data

Border Outbound Tourism

Border Inbound Tourism

The weight survey is mandatory to have in order to compose weight then estimate the population data.
The weight survey has to include some variables related to market share of the used sim card, mobile phone usage, whether traveler or not.
Immigration Data is scanned passport data of international visitors.

“

40 of 56

ESTIMATING POPULATION FROM DIGITAL SURVEY RESULTS

Digital Survey

DS. Dom.Tourism

DS. Out. Tourism

Passenger Exit Survey

Reference Survey

2019 Dom. Tour. Survey

Auxiliary variables of Immigration Data

Population Data

Domestic Tourism

Outbound Tourism

DS. Domestic Tourism:
Sample-Matching Method

Important characteristics (covariates) will be matched with the characteristics in the reference survey results (Domestic Tourism Survey 2019).

Post-Stratify to Unique Tourist Populations

B. DS. Outbound Tourism

Superpopulation/GREG based MNO for MPD Data dan Post Stratify based transportasion mode from Immigration Data

C. Passenger Exit Survey

Post Stratify based transportasion mode from Immigration Data

Inbound Tourism

41 of 56

MPD IMPLEMENTATION FOR OFFICIAL STATISTICS

MPD is basically data on people's movements via their mobile phones.

From that, we can obtain several indicators to compile some statistics.

Annual Publications

Monthly Official Statistics News (BRS) Growth of Tourism

Inbound Tourism
Outbound Tourism
Domestic Tourism
Room Occupancy Rate

BPS has compiled several statistics produced from utilizing MPD, such as:

Domestic Tourism Statistics
Outbound Tourism Statistics
Inbound Tourism Statistics
Metropolitan Statistical Area
Commuter Statistics
Some Event Analyses: Eid al-Fitr Holiday, School Holiday, Jember Fashion Carnival etc.

42 of 56

MPD & DIGITAL SURVEY REPLACE TRADITIONAL SURVEY

Combine Approach		Traditional Survey
MPD	Number of Trips	Number of Trips
	Home/Origin (by District)	Origin (by Province)
	Destination (by District)	Destination (by Province)
	Average Length of Stay	Average Length of Stay
	Average Length of Trip	Average Length of Trip
Digital Survey	Trip Purposes	Trip Purposes
	Demographic Characteristics (age)	Demographic Characteristics
	Expenditures	Expenditures
	Accommodation and Transportation	Accommodation and Transportation

43 of 56

ADVANTAGES OF MPD OVER TRADITIONAL SURVEY

No	MPD	Traditional Survey
(1)	(2)	(3)
1	Estimate data for the smaller area level: district	Estimate data for province level
2	Obtain monthly data	Obtain annual data
3	Does not need enumerators	The number of enumerators depends on number of sample
4	The cost is about 50% less than whole process of traditional survey budget. (2019’s case)	To held a survey requires a huge budget
5	Data release every month	Limited budget can only afford annual data releases
6	Experience during the covid-19 pandemic proves MPD can still provide the required data	The covid-19 pandemic restricts community movement, including direct face-to-face data collection activities
7	MPD can be utilized for other statistical calculations	One survey activity is only designed to produce one statistics

44 of 56

MPD IN COMPILING SITS – TRAVEL SERVICES

Background of using MPD

Not All Borders have border gates

Not All Border Gates have 24/7 Immigration service

Border Survey is too expensive and can not be done in all unattended gates (remote area need special effort to be reached)

Number of Inbound Traveller

Administrative data from Directorate General of Immigration
MPD at border areas

Spending Pattern and Trip Characteristics

Passenger Exit Survey

Number of Outbound Traveller

Administrative data from Directorate General of Immigration
MPD at border areas

Spending Pattern and Trip Characteristics

Digital Survey

Export= ∑ (inbound traveller_(i) X average spending_(i))

Export Estimation

Import= ∑ (outbound traveller_(i) X average spending_(i))

Import Estimation

Export

Import

i : nationality

i : main destination country

45 of 56

MPD FOR COMMUTER STATISTICS AND MSA

home

work

second home

others

tourism

commuter

Concept

Existing traditional survey’s result cannot provide the information of location regularity and daily mobility pattern of inter district/municipality commuter.

Background

MPD provides more granular output until subdistrict level
MPD provides daily output of number of commuter
Output of inter subdistrict commuter from MPD can be enhance to compile Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA).
We have 10 area of MSA.

Utilize MPD

The establishment of MSAs can be used as a basis for providing a framework for the collection, tabulation, and publication of national statistics based on economic and social integration between urban centers and their surrounding areas on a consistent basis. Currently, the availability of such indicators has not been fulfilled by the BPS due to limitations in the presentation of census and survey results.

“

46 of 56

CHALLENGES

Human Resources and Infrastructure

Need skilled human resources and proper infrastructure

Dependency, Data Acquisition, and Interoperability

Data access (privacy issues), sharing data, dan data sustainability,

Example: Budget availability

Measurement and Monitoring of Data Quality

Need development and/or improvement of quality assurance and quality indicators inline with big data development

47 of 56

HOW TO START?

Collaboration Inter Unit/Department

Identify the requirements, build the concept from Subject Matters
Develop methodology and algorithm with Methodology Department
Find the suitable approach and translate algorithm into proper script by IT Department
Support the administrative and policies by Planning and Administrative Department

Capacity Building

Find and train human resources to be skilled and competent to process MPD
Make a solid team not only technical member but also who will be able to handle administrative procurement and negotiation with MNO

Agile Process

Continue review the result and improve the methodology to provide proper statistics

Strong Policy Enforcement

Need bold decision to release indicators produced by MPD utilization as official statistics

48 of 56

Mari Kawal Bersama, Langkah Besar Wujudkan Kemandirian Perekonomian Bangsa Untuk Indonesia yang Lebih Sejahtera

“

Thank You

SENSUS EKONOMI 2026

MILIK INDONESIA!

#MencatatEkonomiIndonesia

49 of 56

REFERENCES

1. Walton, Jhon K. 2025. “Tourism”. Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/tourism

50 of 56

Number of Trip During Mass Leave in 2024�Case Study

In April 2024, an extended mass leave period resulted in a remarkably high volume of domestic tourism trips, with daily figures frequently reaching 5-8 million. This trend was consistently observed during the May 2024 mass leave period, where the addition of mass leave days close to national holidays increased the number of domestic tourism trips.
The mass leave policy should be maintained as a key driver of domestic tourism. It can be strategically scheduled to extend national holidays that coincide with weekends..

THE IED HOLIDAY (Apr24)

ISA ALMASIH AND VESAK HOLIDAYS (May24)

51 of 56

TOURISM DATA REQUEST

Data	Proportion
1. Statistics of Accommodation	23,75
2. Statistics of Finance (Regional Government Budget)	18,75
3. Statistics of Domestic Tourism	17,5
4. Statistics of Inbound Tourism	13,75
5. Statistics of Tourism Attractions	8,75
6. Statistics of Restaurants	6,25
7. Statistics of Communication and Information Technology	5
8. Statistics of Ecommerce	3,75
9. Statistics of Outbound Tourism	2,5

Consumer Data Distribution

Type of Data Requested

52 of 56

DOMESTIC TOURISM TRIPS

[JUDUL SLIDE SATU BARIS]

Sumber: Mobile Positioning Data (MPD)

Eid Al-Fitr: 12-13 Mei

Eid Al-Fitr: 1-2 Mei

Eid Al-Fitr: 21-22 April

Eid Al-Fitr: 9-10 April

Growth of Domestic Tourism Trips, 2021 – 2025 (Thousand Trips)

Number of domestic tourism trips was

100.197.984

trips

July 2025

m-to-m

y-on-y

July 2025 compared to June 2025

4,68%

July 2025 compared to July 2024

29,72%

Eid Al-Fitr: 31 Mar & 1 Apr

53 of 56

GROWTH OF INTERNATIONAL VISITOR ARRIVALS�Number of international visitor arrivals, July 2025 was the highest achievement in 2025

Number of international visitor arrivals was

1.481.346

visit

July 2025

Growth of International Visitor Arrivals, 2020 – 2025 (Visit)

m-to-m

y-on-y

July 2025 compared to June 2025

4,62%

July 2025 compared to July 2024

13,01%

Event International : Golden Disc Award 2024, NCT 127 3^rd Tour Neo City – The Unity, Yoasobi Concert, Indonesia Daihatsu Master 2024., dll.

Inbound Tourism Statistics

Air Transport

Via International Airports

Sea Transport

Via International Ports

Land Transport

melalui Cross-Border Gates

Main Gates

Land Border

Sea Border

Border Gates

* Angka Sementara

*belum termasuk angka MPD perbatasan

* Angka Sementara

54 of 56

GROWTH OF OUTBOUND TOURISM TRIPS�Outbound tourism trips increased significantly

Number of outbound tourism trips

869.927

trips

July 2025

m-to-m

y-on-y

July 2025 compared to June 2025

19,57%

July 2025 compared to July 2024

5,24%

Bulan Haji

* Angka Sementara.

*Angka Sementara

* Angka Sementara.

Growth of Outbound Tourism Trips, 2020 – 2025 (Trips)

Hajj Month

1 of 56

2 of 56

3 of 56

4 of 56

5 of 56

6 of 56

7 of 56

8 of 56

9 of 56

10 of 56

11 of 56

12 of 56

13 of 56

14 of 56

15 of 56

16 of 56

17 of 56

18 of 56

19 of 56

20 of 56

21 of 56

22 of 56

23 of 56

24 of 56

25 of 56

26 of 56

27 of 56

28 of 56

29 of 56

30 of 56

31 of 56

32 of 56

33 of 56

34 of 56

35 of 56

36 of 56

37 of 56

38 of 56

39 of 56

40 of 56

41 of 56

42 of 56

43 of 56

44 of 56

45 of 56

46 of 56

47 of 56

48 of 56

49 of 56

50 of 56

51 of 56

52 of 56

53 of 56

54 of 56

55 of 56

56 of 56