Proinsulin, Insulin, and C-Peptide Patterns
Proinsulin | Insulin | C-Peptide | Interpretation |
High | High | Normal | Beta-cell stress with insulin resistance; poor processing efficiency |
High | Normal | Low | Early beta-cell dysfunction with declining insulin production |
High | Low | Low | Advanced beta-cell failure (possible LADA or late-stage T2DM) |
Low | Low | Low | Low reserve, likely late-stage autoimmune diabetes |
Normal | High | Normal | Typical insulin resistance with normal processing |
Low | High | High | High insulin production; efficient processing, early insulin resistance |