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Chapter 6

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Computing Components

Discovering Computers 2016

Tools, Apps, Devices, and the Impact of Technology

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Objectives Overview

See Page 276

for Detailed Objectives

© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

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Describe the various computer and mobile device cases and the contents they protect

Describe multi-core processors, the components of a processor, and the four steps in a machine cycle

Identify characteristics of various personal computer processors on the market today, and describe the ways processors are cooled

Explain the advantages and services of cloud computing

Define a bit, and describe how a series of bits represents data

Explain how program and application instructions transfer in and out of memory

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Objectives Overview

See Page 276

for Detailed Objectives

© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

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Differentiate among the various types of memory

Describe the purpose of adapter cards and USB adapters

Explain the function of a bus

Explain the purpose of a power supply and batteries

Describe how to care for computers and mobile devices

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Inside the Case

  • The case contains and protects the electronics of the computer or mobile device from damage

Pages 276 - 277

Figure 6-1

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Inside the Case

Page 278

Figure 6-2

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Inside the Case

  • The motherboard is the main circuit board of the computer
    • A computer chip contains integrated circuits

Pages 278 - 279

Figure 6-3

© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

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Processors

  • The processor, also called the central processing unit (CPU), interprets and carries out the basic instructions that operate a computer
  • A multi-core processor is a single chip with two or more separate processor cores
    • Processors contain a control unit and an arithmetic logic unit (ALU)

Pages 280 - 281

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Processors

Page 281

Figure 6-4

© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

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Processors

  • The control unit is the component of the processor that directs and coordinates most of the operations in the computer
  • The arithmetic logic unit (ALU) performs arithmetic, comparison, and other operations

Page 281

© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

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Processors

  • For every instruction, a processor repeats a set of four basic operations, which comprise a machine cycle

Pages 281 - 282

Figure 6-5

© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

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Processors

Pages 282 - 283

© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

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The processor contains registers, that temporarily hold data and instructions

The system clock controls the timing of all computer operations

    • The pace of the system clock is called the clock speed, and is usually measured in gigahertz (GHz)

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Processors

  • The leading manufacturers of personal computer processor chips are Intel and AMD

Page 283

© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

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Processors

  • A processor chip generates heat that could cause the chip to malfunction or fail
  • Require additional cooling
    • Heat sinks
    • Liquid cooling technology
    • Cooling pads

Page 284

Figures 6-6 – 6-7

© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

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Cloud Computing

  • Home and business users choose cloud computing for a variety of reasons

Page 287

© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

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Accessibility

Cost savings

Space savings

Scalability

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Data Representation

Page 288

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Analog signals are continuous and vary in strength and quality

Digital signals are in one of two states: on or off

    • Most computers are digital
    • The binary system uses two unique digits (0 and 1)
      • Bits and bytes

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Data Representation

The circuitry in a computer or mobile device represents the on or the off states electronically by the presence or absence of an electronic charge

Eight bits grouped together as a unit are called a byte. A byte represents a single character in the computer or mobile device

Pages 288- 289

Figures 6-8 – 6-9

© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

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Data Representation

Page 289

Figure 6-10

© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

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Memory

  • Memory consists of electronic components that store instructions waiting to be executed by the processor, data needed by those instructions, and the results of processing the data
  • Stores three basic categories of items:

Page 290

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The operating system and other programs

Applications

Data being processed and the resulting information

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Memory

  • Each location in memory has an address
  • Memory size commonly is measured in gigabytes (GB) or terabytes (TB)

Page 290

Figure 6-11

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Memory

  • Computers and mobile devices contain two types of memory:

Page 290

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Volatile memory

Loses its contents when power is turned off

Example includes RAM

Nonvolatile memory

Does not lose contents when power is removed

Examples include ROM, flash memory, and CMOS

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Memory

Page 291

Figure 6-12

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Memory

  • Two common types of RAM exist:

Page 292

Table 6-1

© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

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Dynamic RAM (DRAM)

Static RAM (SRAM)

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Memory

  • RAM chips usually reside on a memory module and are inserted into memory slots

Page 293

Figure 6-13

© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

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Memory

  • Memory cache speeds the processes of the computer because it stores frequently used instructions and data

Page 294

Figure 6-14

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Memory

Page 294

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Read-only memory (ROM) refers to memory chips storing permanent data and instructions

    • Firmware

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Memory

  • Flash memory can be erased electronically and rewritten
    • CMOS technology uses battery power to retain information when when the power to the computer is off

Pages 295- 296

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Memory

  • Access time is the amount of time it takes the processor to read from memory
    • Measured in nanoseconds

Page 296

Table 6-2 and Figure 6-15

© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

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Adapters

  • An adapter card enhances functions of a component of a desktop or server system unit and/or provides connections to peripherals
    • Sound card and video card
  • An expansion slot is a socket on a desktop or server motherboard that can hold an adapter card

Pages 297 - 298

Table 6-3

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Adapters

  • With Plug and Play, the computer automatically can recognize peripheral devices as you install them

Pages 297 - 298

Figure 6-16

© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

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Adapters

  • A USB adapter enhances functions of a mobile computer and/or provides connections to peripheral devices

Pages 298 - 299

Figure 6-17

© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

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Buses

  • A bus allows the various devices both inside and attached to the system unit to communicate with one another
    • Data bus
    • Address bus
  • Word size is the number of bits the processor can interpret and execute at a given time

Pages 299 - 300

Figure 6-18

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Buses

  • A computer might have these three types of buses:

Page 300

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System bus

Backside bus

Expansion bus

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Power Supply and Batteries

  • The power supply or laptop AC adapter converts the wall outlet AC power into DC power

Page 301

Figure 6-19

© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

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Power Supply and Battery

  • Mobile computers and devices can run using either a power supply or batteries
  • Batteries typically are rechargeable lithium-ion batteries

Pages 301 – 302

Figure 6-20

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Summary

Page 305

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Various components inside computers and mobile devices

Types of processors, steps in a machine cycle, and processor cooling methods

Advantages and services of cloud computing

How memory stores data and described various types of memory

Adapters, buses, power supplies and batteries

Ways to care for computers and mobile devices

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Chapter 6 Complete

Chapter 6

​

Computing Components

Discovering Computers 2016

Tools, Apps, Devices, and the Impact of Technology