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I Researched Countries Monthly and Learned �About What They are Today and Their History

My family shared the project with another family

The host family supplied the food of the country and the other family’s kids made presentations using Zoom

I did the research on every country and improved my presentation and computer skills

There are:

7.8 billion people

4200 religions

6500 languages

There are 7 Continents with 195+ Countries:�

- Asia (49 countries)

- Europe (44 countries)

- Africa (54 countries)

- Australia/Oceania (14 countries)

- North America (23 countries)

- South America (12 countries)

- Antarctica (0 countries)

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Today, I Present Canada to You

Of course, we know the provinces.

We are going to learn about how �the British got control of us from the French

and how our history is connected to the USA

before either became a country.

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Key Takeaways

Canada is turning ONLY 155 years old this July 1st

USA is 246 years old�

If France didn’t lose the war against Britain in 1754-63, Canadians would be speaking French and have a strong relationship with France, not Britain�
France controlled ⅓ of what is now the USA

Imagine how different the world would be today if France controlled Canada and ⅓ of the USA

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My Presentation is in Four Sections

to 1867 when the Dominion of Canada was created;�
1868-1982 when our new constitution was signed;

Quebec’s unique culture and “nationalistic” views as a province; and

1983 to today.

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Section 1

To 1867

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12,000 BCE - The First People in Canada �Indigenous People

They migrated out of eastern Russia (Siberia)

They travelled across a land bridge called Beringia on the Bering Sea

The DNA of Eastern Russians is almost the same as these Natives

Bering Sea

__ = Beringia and Bering Sea

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1021 CE - Vikings’ Leif Erikson Arrives

He was the first European to arrive in North America (from Scandinavia)

500 years before Christopher Columbus

Their voyage was not well documented

Limited supplies and long journey back

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1497 - Britain’s John Cabot Arrives

He travelled around in the Maritimes

Mostly Newfoundland

Called his newly found land “Newfoundland”

Lived in England, though he was Italian

Gained a commission from King Henry VII �to make the expedition

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1534 - France’s Jacques Cartier Arrives

Sailed through the Gulf of Saint Lawrence

Explored the Maritimes

Made a settlement called Quebec City

Accompanied by 60 sailors and two ships

Quebec City

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1608 - France’s Samuel de Champlain Arrives

Set up the French settlement, Quebec City

Mapped the Great Lakes

Helped the French kill most of the Indigenous people to take their land

Later, this area grew and grew to become what is called New France

Almost 80 years later, this colony would

extend to part of Quebec, the maritimes,�and northern Ontario as well as ⅓ of the �USA today

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The French travelled to what became the USA

from what became Canada

and colonized ⅓ of what is the USA today.

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1682 - French Travel to Louisiana, USA

Colonize 13 States

The Acadians from what are now the Canadian Maritime provinces arrived in Louisiana

After taking Quebec, the French were still hungry for land

Colonized ⅓ of what is the USA today

Called Louisiana because of France’s King Louis XV (15th)

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The French got into a war with the British

that determined which colonizer would control land

in the USA and Canada

before they became countries.

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1754-1763 - French and the British Fight

French and Indian War

Both nations wanted the North American land

10,000 French Soldiers (out of 60,000 people)

42,000 British Soldiers (out of 2 million people)

Ended with the Treaty of Paris

France gave colony of New France (part of Canada) to Britain

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1754-1763 - French and the British Fight

French and Indian War - Plains of Abraham Battle (1759)

Battle in Quebec City lasted 30 minutes

British won and allowed the French to keep their language and religion

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1754-1763 - French and the British Fight

French and Indian War - Treaty of Fontainebleau (1759)

In the war, France knew that it was losing and didn’t want Britain to be the biggest so it gave Louisiana to Spain

It was a secret deal that the British didn’t know about

King Louis XV and the king of Spain had a family connection

They were good allies

At the end of the war, France had to give up the rest of their territory to Britain

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France lost to Britain in the French and Indian War.

�France had to give New France (what is Canada today) to Britain �and the territory east of Mississippi river.

�This led France to side with the Americans in their Revolutionary War against Britain.

This is why the USA today refers to France as their best friend.

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1775-1783 - American Revolutionary War

American’s Gain Independence From Britain

First, declared independence and signed the declaration of independence

Eventually fought Britain (and the British Empire Colonies)

Caused by opposition to British attempts to impose greater control over the colonies

British wanted repayment from the colonies for defending them during the French and Indian War

The Americans were upset that they had to pay more taxes because of Britain’s war

USA gets all the British American Land

British left with New France that became Canada

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The Creation of Quebec.

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1774 - Quebec Act

Created Province of Quebec

Also called “British North America Act of 1774”

British transformed the former Indian reserve into a province

Gained loyalty of the French and allowed them to govern more

Gave more power to French Catholics, including obtaining good jobs in the government and to practice their style of law

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1791 - Division of Quebec

Divided Quebec Into Upper and Lower Canada

The split was necessary as:

People in Lower Canada liked the Americans more (they were closer to the French)

People in Upper Canada liked the British more (they are the predecessor of modern-day Ontario)

In 1841, it reunited with Lower Canada to make the province of Canada

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France gets Louisiana back from Spain by exchanging Tuscany for it.

�France then sold Louisiana to the USA for US$15 Million.

The USA calls it the Louisiana Purchase.

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1800 - France Regains Louisiana From Spain

Treaty of San Ildefonso

Secret agreement between the Spanish Empire and the First French Republic

Spain agreed to exchange its North American colony of Louisiana for territories in Tuscany

France got back USA States: Louisiana, Missouri, Arkansas, Iowa, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, and Oklahoma, Kansas, Colorado, Wyoming, Montana, Minnesota

Lower tips of Alberta and Saskatchewan were given back to Britain

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1803 - France Then Sells Louisiana to USA

Louisiana Purchase

In Biggest land deal ever, France sold this land to USA for US$15 Million Dollars (US$309 Million today)

French Empire sold it to have money to focus on fight with their biggest enemy Britain (Under Napoleon)

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1812-1815 - The War of 1812

Britain Resents Losing America

Between Britain, with help from Canada before we became a country, and the Americans

Canadians fought with British and burned down the White House in 1814

In retaliation for US attacks on York (Downtown Toronto) and Port Dover (Western Toronto)

Ended in a stalemate

Even though it was pretty obvious that the British had won

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1840 - Making the Province of Canada

The Act of Union

Upper Canada and Lower Canada again reunited to from the Province of Canada

One of the 3 founding provinces when Canada became “independent”

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1867 -Canada Becomes a Country

British North America Act

Province of Canada (parts of Ontario and Quebec) joined with New Brunswick and Nova Scotia

Established as the Dominion of Canada

Although independent, Britain still made a lot of important decisions for it

First leader was John A. Macdonald

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Section 2

1868 to 1982

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Other Provinces & Territories Join Canada

Canadian Expansion

Province/Territory	Year of Joining
Canada/Ontario and Quebec	1867
Nova Scotia
New Brunswick
Manitoba	1870
North West Territory	1870
British Columbia	1871
PEI	1873
Yukon	1898
Alberta	1905
Saskatchewan	1905
Newfoundland and Labrador	1949
Nunavut	1999

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1881-1885 - Canada Brought Together by a Railroad

Trans Canada Railway

Amazing railroad from Pacific to Atlantic coasts

Built by the first Prime Minister

John A. Macdonald

Finished in British Columbia

Where last spike was hammered

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1914-18 & 1939-45 - Canada Participated in World Wars

WWI (1914-1918)

Originated in Europe

Armistice signed November 11 at 11 am

70 million soldiers

21 million deaths

WWII (1939-1945)

Started with invasion of Poland by Germany

Majority of countries

100 million soldiers

Deadliest conflict ever

70 to 85 million deaths

In WWI, Canada, with 8 million people sent 650,000 soldiers and 65,000 died. In comparison, the US, with 100 million people sent 4.7 million soldiers and 116,000 of these people died. Canada sent a larger percentage of its population to war and a smaller percentage of these Canadian soldiers died.

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1945 and 1949 - Canada Joins International Unions

UN (1945)

As World War II ended in 1945, nations were in ruins

Representatives of 50 countries drafted the UN Charter

Created to prevent another world war

NATO (1949)

North Atlantic Treaty Organization

Intergovernmental military alliance

28 European countries

2 North American countries

Anti Russian

An attack on one is an attack on all

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1950-53 & 1955-75 - Canada Fights in Asian Wars

Korean War (1950-1953)

Between North Korea and South Korea

2.5 million persons lost their lives

North Korea, supplied and advised by the Soviet Union and China, invaded the South

UN joined the war on the side of the South Koreans

Vietnam War (1955-1975)

Most problematic of all the wars in American history

Between North Vietnam (China/Russia) and South Vietnam (The West)

North Vietnam won

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1962 - Free Healthcare Introduced

Universal Health Care

Built by Tommy Douglas

Former Premier of Saskatchewan

First program of its kind in North America

Provides free healthcare for all

Our’s is called OHIP

Ontario Health Insurance Plan

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1965 - Canada Gets New Flag

Our Flag was the British Union Jack from 1867-1964

Our Flag was introduced in 1965 while Lester Pearson was Prime Minister

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Canada gets a new constitution �where we become fully independent from Britain �without Quebec signing it.

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1982- Canada Gets New Constitution

Canada Act

Canada takes full control

Canada was independent in 1867 but Britain still had the highest authority in Parliament

The Canada Act, the new constitution, was signed by Queen Elizabeth II and Pierre Elliott Trudeau

This Act took away all of the Queen’s political power and had the Charter of Rights and Freedom, which gave more rights to people

9 of the 10 provinces signed it and Quebec wasn’t represented

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Section 3

Distinct Society

“Nationalistic” in Province of Quebec

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1925 - Saint Jean Baptiste Day Declared

A public holiday every June 24th in Quebecfor religious reasons

Also celebrated by French Canadians across Canadaand the USA

Brought to Canada by French settlers celebrating the traditional feast day of the Nativity of Saint John the Baptist

Christians have long interpreted the life of John the Baptist as a preparation for the coming of Jesus, and the circumstances of his birth as miraculous

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1960’s - St. Jean Baptiste Day

The holiday becomes less about religion and is politicized and turns into a celebration of French culture, language with a strong nationalistic overtone

In the 1960’s French Canadians became less religious and more nationalistic (about Quebec)

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1967 - French Leader Interferes in Our Politics

Charles de Gaulle visits Quebec

In 1967, in Montreal, on Canada’s 100 year birthday, Charles de Gaulle supported the Quebec separatists by saying “Vive le Quebec libre” (VIDEO)

Means Long live free Quebec

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1925 - Saint Jean Baptiste Day Declared

Nowadays, June 24th is a paid statutory holiday in Quebec

Although the holiday’s Catholic ties have faded, people still refer to June 24th as “La Saint-Jean”

It’s a day for proudly displaying the blue-and-white fleur-de-lys flag, and celebrating Quebec

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1976 - Saint Jean Baptiste Day Made “National” Holiday�Separtist Party Elected

René Leveque’s Partis Quebecois was elected as a separtist party

In 1977, heofficially recognized the day as a “national holiday” in Quebec - referred to as La Fête Nationale�
Many large companies left Montreal for mostly Toronto

The Big banks etc.

Many Quebecois believe that the English exploited the Frencb creating a growing separtist movement

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1987- Meech Lake Accord

Attempt to Get Quebec to Symbolically Support the Constitutional Amendments

In 1987, Prime Minister Brian Mulroney attempted to win Quebec’s consent with the Meech Lake Accord

It proposed strengthening provincial powers and declaring Quebec a “distinct society.”

The Accord was never put into effect and political support for it unravelled in 1990

Many Québécois saw the Accord’s failure in English Canada as a rejection of Quebec

Support for separatism soared in Quebec and led to the 1995 Quebec Referendum

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1992- Charlottetown Accord

Another Attempt to Get Support for the Constitutional Amendments

It was a package of proposed amendments to the Constitution of Canada, proposed by the Canadian federal and provincial governments in 1992

Prime Minister Mulroney insisted that It be submitted to a public referendum

54.3% of Canadians opposed it�

New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Prince Edward Island, the Northwest Territories and Ontarians voted in favour

Other provinces turned it down, including 56.7% of Quebecois

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The failure of the Meech Lake and Charlottetown Accords �led to a growing separtist movement in Quebec.

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1995 - Quebec Votes NO for Independence

Quebec Referendum

Proposed sovereignty for the province

Within a new partnership between Quebec and Canada

Defeated by a margin of only 1%

Fewer than 55,000 votes

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Section 4

Canada�Facts and Other Important Information

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Key Canadian Facts

Population - 38 Million

Capital City - Ottawa

Major Cities - Toronto, Ottawa, Calgary, � Vancouver

Prime Minister - Justin Trudeau�
Head of State - Queen Elizabeth II� Symbolic

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Key Canadian Sites

Canada is Beautiful Video

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Key Canadians (Famous)

Video on Famous Canadians

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Rights - Women

1916 - Women in Manitoba win the right to vote

1918 - White women over 21 win the right to vote in federal elections

1929 - Women are declared as “persons”

1960 - All Canadian women are given the right to vote

1981 - Women’s rights are enshrined in the Charter of Rights and Freedoms

2001 - Canadian Human Rights Commission recommends a pay equity system

2012 - International Day of the Girl is made (Declared by the UN)

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Rights - Blacks

1834 - Black Men win the right to vote

1916 - Black Women in Prairies win the right to vote

2004 - Operation Black Vote (Made to help blacks vote)

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Rights - Indigenous People

1955 - Major changes to Indian Act remove a number of discriminatory laws

1960 - Natives are given the right to vote in federal elections

1984 - Inuit peoples are given control over resources

1999 - Nunavut becomes a territory with rights for the Inuits

2021- The first Inuit governor general is appointed

Mary May Simon

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