�

​

​

BY : MRS. KAMLESH UTTAM

PGT ECONOMICS JNV FAROUR

FATEH GARH SAHIB PUNJAB

WELCOME

IN THE CLASS OF ECONOMICS

Organisation of Data

Organisation of data is the second statistical tool under which data are arranged in such a form that comparison of masses of similar data may be facilitated a further analysis may be possible. The most popular way of organization of data is classification of data.

Meaning of Classification of Data

​

Classification is the of arranging data in various groups or classes according to their characteristics. There are two features of classification of data

1- Data are classified in various groups are classes.

2- The basis of classification of data is their characteristics (resemblances and affinities).

​

Objectives of Classification:

​

a] To simplify complex data

b] To facilitate understanding

c] To facilitate comparison

d] To make analysis and interpretation easy.

e] To arrange and put the data according to their common characteristics.

Statistical SeriesSystematic arrangement of statistical data �

​

Raw data: Data collected in original or crude form.

Series: Arranging of raw data in different classes according to a given order or sequence is called series.

Conversion of Raw Data into Series�

​

1. Individual Series without frequency

2. Frequency series or Series with frequencies.

1] Individual Series: The arrangement of raw data individually without frequency

TYPES OF CLASSIFICATION OF DATA

• Geographical classification of data
• Chronological classification
• Qualitative classification
• Quantitative classification

GEOGRAPHICAL CLASSIFICATION

When the data classified according to geographical location or region (like, states , cities , regions, Zones , areas , etc ) It is called geographical classification . For example , the production of food grains in INDIA may be presented state- wise in following manner.

Geographical /Spatial Classification

When data are classified according to basis of place is known as geographical classification of data

STATE- WISE ETIMATES OF PRODUCTION OF FOOD GRAINS

CHRONOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION

When data are observed over a period of time the type of classification is known as chronological classification ( on the basis of its time of occurrence ) .

National income figures , annual output of wheat monthly expenditure of a household daily consumptions milk , etc . Are some examples of chronological classification . For examples we may present the figures of population (or production ,sales etc. ) as follows..... .

POPULATION OF INDIA 1941 TO 1991

Qualitative Classification-

When data are classified on the basis of quality is known as qualitative classification of data.

QUALITATIVE CLASSIFICATION

We may first divide the population to male and female on the basis of the attribute “ sex” each of this class may be further subdivide into “literate and ‘illiterate’ on the basis of attribute ‘literacy’ further classification can be made on the basis of same other attribute , say , employment .

���������QUANTITATIVE CLASSIFICATION�When data are classified on the basis of quantity is known as quantitative classification of data.�

���������� Characteristics of a Good Classification�

​

1.Comprehensiveness

2.Clarity

3.Homogeneity

4.Suitability

5.Stability

6.Elastic

​

Types of Variable

Discrete variable

Concept of Variable

Continuous Variable

Concept of Variable�

​

A characteristic or a phenomenon which is capable of being measured and changes its value overtime is called variable.

​

A) Discrete Variable

Discrete variables are those variables that increase in jumps or in complete numbers. (No fraction is possible)

Eg. Number of students in a class, Number of cars in a show room etc. (1,2, 10,or 15 etc.)

B) Continuous Variables

Variables that assume a range of values or increase not in jumps but continuously or in fractions are called continuous variables.

Eg. Height of the boys –5’1’’ , 5’3’’ and so on, Marks in any range 0-10, 10-15, 15-20

Meaning of Discrete Variable

Which are measured in complete numbers like numbers of students, teachers, office staff etc.

​

Meaning of Continuous Variable

Which are not measured in complete numbers always like height in meter, weight in Kg etc.

Types of Series

Individual Series

Types of Statistical Series-

Frequency Distribution Series

​

Individual Series can be expressed in

two ways.

a] According to Serial Numbers

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

b] Ascending or descending order.

In ascending order, smallest number is placed first

In descending order, the highest number is placed first.

Individual Series-

Individual Series is that series in which items are occurred single time.

Types Frequency Distribution Series-

​

Discrete Series

Frequency Distribution Series-

Continuous Series

Discrete Series or Frequency Array-

Discrete series in which data are presented in a way that exact measurement of items are clearly shown.

​

Continuous Series-

It is that series in which item cannot be exactly measured; they are placed in a class.

​

Types of Continuous Series-

1- Exclusive Series

2- Inclusive Series

3-Open End Series

4- Mid Value Frequency Series

5- Cumulative frequency series

​

�In constructing continuous series we come across terms like:�a] Class : Each given internal is called a class e.g., 0-5, 5-10.�b] Class limit: There are two limits upper limit and lower limit.�c] Class interval: Difference between upper limit and lower limit.�d] Range: Difference between upper limit and lower limit.�e] Mid-point or Mid Value: Upper limit -Lower limit�2�f] Frequency: Number of items [observations] falling within a particular class.

1 Exclusive Series

It such types of statistical series in which upper limit of a class are the lower limit of just next class

2 Inclusive Series

It is such types of statistical series in which all frequencies of class are included in the same class.

Conversion of Inclusive into Exclusive Series

Open End Series

The lowest value of highest value of the distribution are not defined.

Mid Value Frequency Series

The class interval are not given only mid values and their respective frequencies are given.

Types of Cumulative Frequency Series

Less Than

More Than

Cumulative Series

​

iii] Cumulative Frequency Series:

​

It is obtained by successively adding the frequencies of the values of the classes according to a certain law.

a] ‘Less than’ Cumulative Frequency Distribution :

​

The frequencies of each class-internal are added successively.

b] ‘More than’ Cumulative Frequency Distribution:

​

The more than cumulative frequency is obtained by finding the cumulative totals of frequencies starting from the highest value of the variable to the lowest value.

Less Than Cumulative Frequency Series

More Than Cumulative Frequency Series

​

LOSS OF INFORMATION

• The frequency distribution summarizes the raw data by making it concise and comprehensible. However, it does not show the details that are found in your data and leads to loss of information.
• When the raw data is grouped into classes, an  individual observation has no significance in further statistical calculations.
• For example, suppose class 10-20 contains 6 values: 12, 15,16,18,14,19. When such data is grouped as a class 10-20, study material and individual values have no significance and only frequency, i.e.6 is recorded and not their actual values.
• Statistical calculations are based only on the values of the class mark instead of the actual values. As a result, it leads to considerable loss of information.

​

FREQUENCY ARRAY

• A discrete variable, the classification of its data is known as a frequency array.

​

 Univariate frequency distribution –

​

When data is classified on the basis of a single variable are known as univariate frequency distributions. And one way frequency distribution.

​

Bivariate frequency distribution –

​

When data is classified on the basis of two variables such as height and weight, marks in statics and economics etc., the distribution is known as bivariate frequency distribution or two way frequency distribution.

�

​

MRS. KAMLESH UTTAM

PGT ECONOMICS

JNV FAROUR

FATEH GARH SAHIB

PUNJAB