Gr. 7 Power and Authority

Created by Sharon Meyer

NESD FNMI Ed Consultant

In collaboration with

Leslie Knutt-Mielke

May 2021

https://www.liveauctioneers.com/item/1532450_19-antique-indian-reservation-intoxicating-liquor-sign

https://www.facebook.com/110901425639483/photos/pb.110901425639483.-2207520000../121410274588598/

Further support:

NESD Kohkum's Gathering - Kohkum's Place elementary GR. 2 S.S. Indigenous Leaders

PA 7.7

http://researchdtmack.com/nehnativeamericans.html

http://www.whitewolfpack.com/2017/03/new-maps-to-depict-pre-colonial-turtle.html

OTC Kindergarten pg.16

https://www.pinterest.ca/pin/1548181102358434/

OTC Gr.1 Pg. 14

"The great aim of our legislation has been to do away with the tribal system and assimilate the Indian people in all respects with the other inhabitants of the Dominion as speedily as they are fit to change." Sir John A Macdonald, 1887

https://www.ictinc.ca/blog/hereditary-chief-definition-and-5-faqs

https://bc.ctvnews.ca/elected-vs-hereditary-chiefs-what-s-the-difference-in-indigenous-communities-1.4247466

Hereditary Leaders

Cree Warrior Leader

https://in.pinterest.com/pin/533887730803691158/

http://ojibweresources.weebly.com/the-clan-system.html

https://www.pinterest.ca/dsnake0513/chippewaojibweanishinaabemowinojibwemowin/

EQ.i

https://www.ebay.com/itm/Divine-Grandmother-Native-American-Elder-Medicine-Wheel-Art-Poster-Print-Giclee-/111515764804

https://www.pinterest.ca/pin/354377064419874698/

EQ.e, OTC Kind.pg. 16

See Medicine Wheel Teachings in NESD Kohkum’s Place

for further teachings.

https://www.slideserve.com/ethel/what-laws-recognize-the-collective-rights-of-first-nations-peoples

First Nation view of life – everything is interconnected

Colonizer view of life – man is dominant

EU.e

https://bredbergworldhistory.weebly.com/contact-and-colonization.html

EU.f, OTC Gr. 1 pg. 17

http://www.thepinoywarrior.com/2013/05/why-i-dont-like-going-to-church-on.html

https://www.gutenberg.org/files/59331/59331-h/59331-h.htm

http://spiritofthepeace.ca/our-museums/high-prairie-district-museum/

EQ.n,

OTC gr.1

pg.22

https://www.pinterest.ca/pin/537476536748852153/

EU.g, EU.l, PA7.1c,

OTC Gr. 1 pg. 34

https://sites.google.com/site/sktreaties/treaty-5-maps

Treaty 4 – September 15, 1874 referred to as the Qu’Appelle Treaty

​

Treaty 5 – 1876

​

Treaty 6 – 1876 – First nations negotiated for “the medicine chest”

​

Treaty 8 - 1899

​

Treaty 10 - 1906

EU.k, EQ.m,

OTC – Gr. 1 pg. 34 & 35

https://www.tsc.ca/Canadian-Heritage-Mint/Sets-Singles/1876-Treaty-Medal-Restrike-10-Ounces-Fine-Silver-Antique-Finish/pages/productdetails?nav=R:665234,N:2070622,E:12322234

Sources of power held by First Nations and Europeans in treaty negotiations.

https://www.timetoast.com/timelines/the-rise-and-fall-of-rome-e4a44ffe-e769-4681-ba49-bdefe0d90654

Europeans

First Nations

• payments
• provisions
• rights to reserve lands

• a means of protecting their land and livelihood,

because of the disappearance of the buffalo and the

interference of Indigenous territories by settlers,

• Treaty 1,2,3 had already provided for settlement and a transportation route to the western interior, the government did not feel compelled to negotiate any more treaties with western First Nations.

Métis peoples, illegal whiskey traders from the United States and the survey parties of the Canada–United States Boundary Commission and Hudson’s Bay Company (HBC) caused friction with the First Nations living there. These problems, coupled with the end of the buffalo hunt and the fear of starvation, strained intertribal relations, particularly between the Kainai and the Cree, who fought the last major conflict between First Nations in Canada.

• the treaty provided for farming tools, ammunition, reserves and schools. It also guaranteed Indigenous rights to hunt, fish and trap on all ceded land, except for that land which was to be used for agriculture, forestry, mining or settlement.

• Treaty was written in English

• First Nations did not receive all that they were promised right away – Europeans purposely stalled to demonstrate power.

https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/treaty-4

EQ.a, EQ.j, PA7.1c

https://vimeo.com/97844431

​

Allen Sapp 18:57

http://aptn.ca/news/2013/04/19/changes-to-the-indian-act-needs-thorough-consultation-lonechild/

https://www.slideserve.com/fadey/the-evolution-of-individual-rights

https://www.slideserve.com/cathleen-brown/government-structures-of-first-nations-societies

EU.k, PA7.1c, PA7.1b, EQ.d

https://www.pinterest.co.uk/pin/559431584936824853/

AFN Executive Committee

AFN Elders Council

AFN Women’s Council

AFN Youth Council

​

https://www.afn.ca/about-afn/charter-of-the-assembly-of-first-nations/

​

Visit site to review roles of each level

​

Government of Canada

​

Federal Government

​

Assembly of First Nations

​

Provincial Representatives –

The Federation of Sovereign Indian Nations represents 74 First Nations in Saskatchewan

​

Tribal Council

Band – Chief and Council

First Nation Political structure in Canada and Saskatchewan

EU.c,

PA7.2b

First Nation leaders (Chiefs) from coast to coast to coast direct the work of AFN through resolutions passed at Chiefs Assemblies held at least twice a year. The AFN National Executive is made up of the National Chief, 10 Regional Chiefs and the chairs of the Elders, Women’s and Youth councils. Regional Chiefs are elected every three years by Chiefs in their regions. Chiefs, who are elected by the citizens and members of their respective communities, elect the National Chief every three years.

​

The role of the National Chief and the AFN is to advocate on behalf of First Nations as directed by Chiefs-in-Assembly. This includes facilitation and coordination of national and regional discussions and dialogue, advocacy efforts and campaigns, legal and policy analysis, communicating with governments, including facilitating relationship building between First Nations and the Crown as well as public and private sectors and general public.

https://www.afn.ca/about-afn/

Indian act imposed the voting system – stripped FN leadership styles away and made them elect a chief..etc

http://longmarchtorome.com/assembly-of-first-nations-resolution/

https://windspeaker.com/news/opinion/letter-editor-national-chief-perry-bellegarde

EU.d

https://www.620ckrm.com/2016/08/04/fsin-looks-forward-to-mmiw-inquiry/

Federation of Sovereign Indigenous Nations (FSIN),

https://www.bing.com/videos/search?mid=C9CDFF180C58D04C0ADCC9CDFF180C58D04C0ADC&q=image+of+fsin&view=detail&form=IDPWLC

PA7.2c, PA7.1a

https://www.sootoday.com/global-news/sask-govt-and-stc-sign-new-agreements-to-improve-indigenous-child-welfare-1305941

https://www.aptnnews.ca/national-news/saskatoon-tribal-council-says-it-wants-to-cut-out-fsin/

https://www.slideserve.com/myra-christian/first-nations-political-organizations

PA7.1a, PA7.2c

http://muskodayfn.ca/governance-and-management-structure/

https://www.parc.ca/saskadapt/aboriginal-comm.html

PA7.2c, PA7.1a, PA7.2b, EU.m

The Elders Council will work towards strengthening their regions, communities and people stronger, through their guidance and knowledge as shared through traditions, ceremony and language. The Elders Council will continue to develop their workplan while also keeping in mind the priorities of the Women’s Council, Youth Council and the AFN. Together the Elders will assist in finalizing the Tri-Council’s Strategic Plan furthering the support required amongst the Councils in moving forward. The Elders encourage and welcome meaningful engagement with the Elders Council and government departments. The Elders have a wealth of knowledge to share, that they believe is valuable to the work that’s being done with First Nations and Government.

https://www.afn.ca/about-afn/executive-committee/afn-elders-council/

EU.j, EU.e, PA7.1b,

PA7.2b

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GADdPGkVuss

​

The Levels of Government (Ontario) 2:17

https://www.slideserve.com/cathleen-brown/government-structures-of-first-nations-societies

PA7.2b, PA7.2c, EQ.i

Views about land and land ownership:

• Modern interpretations of the treaty also argue that lack of legal counsel and the hastiness of commissioners to finalize the deal left the Indigenous signatories with relatively little bargaining power.

• The First Nation ancestors did not intend to permanently cede(surrender) their land. Rather, the Treaty 4 signatories bargained for concessions, assistance to develop and prosper and protections from the Crown in exchange for the use of their land and resources. The Crown’s promise to protect and assist First Nations, they claim, was intended to be a continuous responsibility. However, the elders argue that their ancestors intended to retain the right to self-govern.

https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/treaty-4

• The concept of private ownership of land by an individual, who could build a fence and keep others out forever, was totally foreign to First Nations people.

http://firstpeoplesofcanada.com/fp_treaties/fp_treaties_two_views.html

• Europeans had a concept that land could be divided up into packages, and individually owned and controlled, by an individual, a company, or the government. Individuals or companies could create wealth from the land they owned by farming it, mining it, exploiting it for other commercial purposes, or renting it to others.

​

• First Nations, however, recognized only group rights to land, not individual rights. They respected territorial rights of other tribes, but not individual rights to control a package of land.

​

• Tribes recognized tribal right to certain regions of land, and did not intrude uninvited onto other tribes' territories, except in war. However, First Nations people did not divide land up into packages that could be "owned" or controlled by individuals.

​

• First Nations people also regarded their lands and the plants and animals on those lands as a sacred trust to cherish for future generations.

https://www.slideshare.net/InformationData/cheap-land-for-sale-utah

EU.e

EU.j

EU.m,

EQ.e,

EQ.n

Our past has a way of impacting our future:

• Treaty Ground — a place which was to be set aside to conduct treaty business. Indian Affairs disbanded the area

and transferred the Treaty Ground to the Department of the Interior in 1894. It took just over a century for Treaty 4 peoples to get this land back. On 14 September 1995, the federal government awarded Treaty 4 peoples $6.6 million, and permitted the purchase of land up to 1,300 acres (526.09 hectares) within a 10 km radius of the Treaty Grounds, which could be converted to reserves. The settlement made possible the construction of a governance centre, archive, cultural organization and office spaces.

https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/treaty-4

https://www.slideserve.com/cathleen-brown/government-structures-of-first-nations-societies

• Development has harmed First Nation people such as the building of dams

Treaty 6 medals returned to Beardy’s and Okemasis First Nation after more than a century (video 2:16)

​

https://saskatoon.ctvnews.ca/treaty-6-medals-returned-to-beardy-s-and-okemasis-first-nation-after-more-than-a-century-1.5086574?cache=yesclipId104062%3FautoPlay%3Dtrue%3FclipId%3D89680%3FautoPlay%3Dtrue

​

https://www.bilaterals.org/?a-role-for-indigenous-peoples-in

EU.j

Thank you for listening and learning about Power and Authority in Treaty Relationships

https://www.rcaanc-cirnac.gc.ca/eng/1332859355145/1571582740591

Stained Glass Window in Parliament Commemorating the Legacy of Indian Residential Schools.