� B. GOV�Explain the causes and consequences of World War I.�
�
SKILL:�Explaining a historical development
The M.A.I.N. causes of WWI
The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, sparking WWI
7.2
What we will learn:
Explain the causes and consequences of WWI as a historical process.
We will create a flowchart to define the specific steps which led to WWI.
What we will do:
* BY THE END OF THIS LESSON STUDENTS WILL:�Explain the four long-term causes of WWI & the one immediate cause �
Source 2: Giovanni Giolitti, prime minister of Italy, speech before the Italian parliament as it debated whether to attack Ottoman Libya, 1911
Source 1
“Under the present circumstances, if we were to find ourselves in a war with France, it will be a people’s war that cannot be won in one decisive battle but will turn into a long and deadly struggle with a country that will not give up before the strength of its entire people has been broken. Our own people, too, will be utterly broken and exhausted, even if we emerge victorious at the end.”
Source 2
“The integrity of what remains of the Ottoman Empire is one of the principles upon which the world’s balance of power is based. Therefore, I reject the idea that it is in our national interest to shatter one of the cornerstones of the international order. What if, after we have attacked Libya* and destabilized the Ottoman Empire, the Balkans begin to stir? And what if a Balkan war provokes a clash between the two power blocs and a European war? Italy must not be the country that bears the responsibility of putting a match to the powder keg.”
*Italy wanted to colonize Libya, which at the time was a province of the Ottoman Empire.
Source: Helmuth von Moltke, German general, letter to the German emperor Wilhelm II, 1905
Source 1�“Under the present circumstances, if we were to find ourselves in a war with France, it will be a people’s war that cannot be won in one decisive battle but will turn into a long and deadly struggle with a country that will not give up before the strength of its entire people has been broken. Our own people, too, will be utterly broken and exhausted, even if we emerge victorious at the end.”�Source 2�“The integrity of what remains of the Ottoman Empire is one of the principles upon which the world’s balance of power is based. Therefore, I reject the idea that it is in our national interest to shatter one of the cornerstones of the international order. What if, after we have attacked Libya* and destabilized the Ottoman Empire, the Balkans begin to stir? And what if a Balkan war provokes a clash between the two power blocs and a European war? Italy must not be the country that bears the responsibility of putting a match to the powder keg.”�*Italy wanted to colonize Libya, which at the time was a province of the Ottoman Empire.
Moltke’s prediction in Source 1 about the consequences of a potential war between Germany and France is most directly explained by the fact that
A. France’s recent industrialization made it militarily superior to Germany
B. France had a much larger population than Germany
C. previous conflicts had stirred intense nationalism in France and Germany
D. fascists within Germany sought to use a potential war with France as an excuse to establish a dictatorship
Answer C
Wars such as the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–1871, which resulted in the unification of Germany, brought about an intense rivalry between Germany and France. Many French people were determined to reacquire territory lost to Germany (Alsace and Lorraine) and openly advocated for revenge. Von Moltke’s statement in the passage alludes to this rivalry, since he sees any future war between Germany and France to be one of extreme bitterness and hatred.
Source 1�“Under the present circumstances, if we were to find ourselves in a war with France, it will be a people’s war that cannot be won in one decisive battle but will turn into a long and deadly struggle with a country that will not give up before the strength of its entire people has been broken. Our own people, too, will be utterly broken and exhausted, even if we emerge victorious at the end.”�Source 2�“The integrity of what remains of the Ottoman Empire is one of the principles upon which the world’s balance of power is based. Therefore, I reject the idea that it is in our national interest to shatter one of the cornerstones of the international order. What if, after we have attacked Libya* and destabilized the Ottoman Empire, the Balkans begin to stir? And what if a Balkan war provokes a clash between the two power blocs and a European war? Italy must not be the country that bears the responsibility of putting a match to the powder keg.”�*Italy wanted to colonize Libya, which at the time was a province of the Ottoman Empire.
Giolitti’s concerns in Source 2 about the potential consequences of conflict in the Balkans are most directly explained by which of the following developments in Europe in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries?
A. Ethnic and religious diversity in European states ensured that ethnic tensions in one region would quickly spread across Europe and spark civil wars.
B. European states entered into military alliances with each other that forced them to come to their allies’ aid in the event of conflict with a nonallied state
C. Military experts feared that future wars between European states would likely be far deadlier than past wars, because of the recent development of more advanced weapons.
D. Conflict between European rivals had already led to the dissolution of imperial states such as the Habsburg Austro-Hungarian Empire.
Answer B
France, Britain, & Russia on the one hand and Germany and Austria-Hungary on the other formed alliances that required each state to come to their ally’s aid in the event of war. Hence, Giolitti’s concern is that destabilizing Ottoman control in the Balkan region might result in local conflicts expanding to involve the major European powers because of these military alliances.
Source 1�“Under the present circumstances, if we were to find ourselves in a war with France, it will be a people’s war that cannot be won in one decisive battle but will turn into a long and deadly struggle with a country that will not give up before the strength of its entire people has been broken. Our own people, too, will be utterly broken and exhausted, even if we emerge victorious at the end.”�Source 2�“The integrity of what remains of the Ottoman Empire is one of the principles upon which the world’s balance of power is based. Therefore, I reject the idea that it is in our national interest to shatter one of the cornerstones of the international order. What if, after we have attacked Libya* and destabilized the Ottoman Empire, the Balkans begin to stir? And what if a Balkan war provokes a clash between the two power blocs and a European war? Italy must not be the country that bears the responsibility of putting a match to the powder keg.”�*Italy wanted to colonize Libya, which at the time was a province of the Ottoman Empire.
In addition to the potential destabilization of the Ottoman Empire, Giolitti’s argument in Source 2 regarding Italy’s ambitions in Libya is likely explained by the concern that any attempt by a European state to acquire colonies in Africa could
A. lead African states to unite with each other against European powers.
B. greatly endanger the spread of Catholicism and enable the spread of Islam
C. encourage Japan to take advantage of the situation and conquer Italian colonies in Asia
D. dangerously intensify rivalries between European states seeking to acquire territories and resources
Answer D
European competition over resources & territories in the1880s in Africa led to the “Scramble for Africa” that nearly led to war between European powers. While Giolitti’s primary argument is that an Italian invasion of Libya could destabilize the Ottoman Empire & the Balkans & could lead to a wider European war. He understood that the delicate balance of power (“the international order”) achieved in Africa between European states could also be upset by an Italian invasion.
Sequels
1800
1850
1900
1950
2011
WWI
WWII
Contextulizing the brutality of WWI + WWII
WWI an OVERVIEW
Before WWI
After WWI
FOUR LONG-TERM
+ One Short-term cause
Militarism
- ARMS RACE
- NAVAL RACE
- HUGE ARMIES �(# of soldiers = colonial troops)
- Factories dedicated to war machines
South African/British Soldiers
Indian Soldiers fighting for the British
French/Algerian forces
French West African Forces
German East African Forces
Alliances
Mutual Defense Alliances
- TRIPLE ALLIANCE (1882): Germany, Italy, Austria-Hungary
- TRIPLE ENTENTE (1907): Britain, France, & Russia
1914
Imperialism
Competition for raw materials
- Russo-Japanese War (1905): Conflict over China
- Germany, France, Britain (various times): East Africa
1914
Leads to Competition
National Superiority
Nationalism
Two Types of Nationalism
- National Superiority: We are better than you and therefore...
- Self-determination: desire to develop ‘own’ gov.
Self-determination
Nationalism
Two Types of Nationalism
- National Superiority: We are better than you and therefore...
- Self-determination: desire to develop ‘own’ gov.
Turkish Nationalism
King Franz Joseph I
I hate Self-determination!
Balkans = �Powder �Keg
Pan-�Slavism�
Advocacy of the union of all Slavs or all Slavic peoples in one political organization
Pan-Slavic Flag
Review: The 4 M.A.I.N. Long Term Causes
M: Militarism → Each nation in competition to build larger/stronger army & weapons
A: Alliance → Nations break into ‘teams’ for defensive purposes
I: Imperialist → Nations in competition for new colonies & in maintaining old ones
N: Nationalism → National egos & new Nationalities (Bad nationalism/Good Nationalism)
One immediate cause: someone gets killed by a teenager...
Immediate Cause of World War I
Assisination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand�June 29th, 1914 in the Balkans �
Cause
Cause
Cause
Cause
Immediate Cause
National Action
W
W
I
Imperialism
Militarism
Alliances
Nationalism
Assisination
Mobilization
Causes of World War Flowchart
Specific, Factual Information:
Russo-Japanese War 1905
Arms race/Weapons Buildup
Central Powers/Allied Powers
Archduke
Declarations of War
Austria’s reach into Balkans
Let’s Practice
7.2 Writing Prompt:�Evaluate the causes of World War One in 1914.
Evaluate the causes of World War One in 1914.
World War One officially started in August of 1914, but it had its root in many complex historical developments. First, Europeans competed for colonial possessions in the Age of Imperialism, but this let to tension and a military build-up. In turn, European nations were forced to find alliances for protection but with emergence of new nationalist identities war was inevitable when your Pan-Natioanlsist teeneager killed the Archduke of Austria-Hungary in Serbia in July of 1914.
Evaluate the causes of World War One in 1914.
World War One officially started in August of 1914, but it had its root in many complex historical developments. First, Europeans competed for colonial possessions in the Age of Imperialism, but this let to tension and a military build-up. In turn, European nations were forced to find alliances for protection but with emergence of new nationalist identities war was inevitable when your Pan-Natioanlsist teeneager killed the Archduke of Austria-Hungary in Serbia in July of 1914.
TAKEAWAYS
Learning Objective:
Explain a ‘Cause’
1. Organize the chronology of events
2. Be sure to use evidence (S.F.I.)
3. Write complete sentences
1. MAIN causes of WWI & the immediate cause leading to all out war!