1

Present Tenses. Настоящие времена

8

The Passive. Страдательный залог.

1а

Stative Verbs. Глаголы состояния

9

Personal / Impersonal constructions

Личные / Безличные конструкции

1b

have gone to / have been to / have been in

10

Conditionals. Условные предложения

2

Past Tenses. Прошедшие времена

11

Wishes & Unreal Past. Выражение желания и нереального условия

2а

Used to/would + V1

12

Reported Speech. Косвенная речь

3

Comparisons. Степени сравнения прилагательных

13

The Causative. Каузативная форма

4

The Future. Выражение будущего времени

14

Quantifiers. Количественные местоимения

5

Future Tenses. Будущие времена

15

Relative Clauses. Относительные придаточные предложения

6

Ving / Infinitive. Использование герундия (глагола с окончанием -ing) или инфинитива

16

Order of adjectives. Порядок прилагательных в предложении

7

Modals. Модальные глаголы

​

​

​

​

​

​

Tense

Uses

Examples

Present Simple

V1 (s)

(? -) do, does

•Обычные, регулярные действия в настоящем

•Расписания, программы в значении будущего времени

We play football twice a week.

The train leaves at 3 o’clock.

Present Continuous

is,are,am + Ving

•Действие происходит в настоящий момент или в определенный период времени в настоящем

•Личная договоренность на будущее

They are studying Spanish this year.

I’m visiting my granny after school

Present Perfect

have,has +V3

•Действие произошло в прошлом, но связано с настоящим. Не сказано когда оно произошло.

They have run 3 kilometres.

Present Perfect Continuous

have,has been + Ving

•Действие продолжалось в прошлом и связано с настоящим. Имеет значение длительность действия.

They have been running for three hours

Tense

Uses

Examples

Past Simple

(+) V2 (? -) did

•Действие произошло в прошлом в определенное время

yesterday …ago last… in 1783

He went to the doctor yesterday.

Past Continuous

was, were+Ving

• Действие длилось в прошлом (как фон для другого действия, два действия длились одновременно, либо есть ‘двойное указание времени в прошлом’)

last Monday at 3 o’clock all morning

We were swimming when it started raining.

At 8 o’clock yesterday, I was watching TV.

I was sleeping while my sister was reading.

Past Perfect

had+V3

•Одно прошедшее действие предшествует другому прошедшему действию.

•Действие закончилось к определенному моменту в прошлом

Ann had done her homework and then she went for a walk.

Ann had done her homework by 7 p.m.

Past Perfect Continuous

had+been+Ving

•Как Past Perfect, но когда нужно подчеркнуть длительность действия

He had been running for three hours before he went home.

He used to go to the village in summer. Раньше он ездил в деревню летом.

Did he use to visit his grandparents? Он раньше навещал своих бабушку и дедушку?

Yes, he did. Да.

Did he use to work on the field? Он работал на поле?

No, he didn’t. He didn’t use to work on the field. Нет. Он не работал на поле.

​

​

used to может употребляться с глаголами состояния.

He used to dream to become a pilot when he was a little boy.

He would get up early when he was a child. Он обычно рано вставал, когда был ребенком.

Would he go to the kindergarten? Он ходил в детский сад?

Yes, he would. Да.

Would he attend language courses, when he was five? Он посещал языковые курсы, когда ему было пять.

No, he wouldn’t. Нет. He wouldn’t attend language courses, when he was five. Он не посещал языковые курсы, когда ему было пять.

​

!!! would + V1 не употребляется с глаголами состояния.

He would dream to become a pilot when he was a little boy.

Positive

Comparative

Superlative

rich

richer

the richest

hot

hotter

the hottest

lovely

lovelier

the loveliest

Irregular Comparative and �Superlative Forms

good

better

the best

bad

worse

the worst

little

less

the least

much, many

more

the most

far

farther

further

the farthest �the furthest

Future Simple �will + V1

​

1.решение, возникшее в момент речи

2. предположения о будущем

3. обещания

​

4. информация о будущем

5. просьба или предложение

Don’t worry. I’ll help you.

​

I think it will rain tomorrow.

I’ll bring the book back tonight.

I will go to Spain one day.

Will you go with us?

be going to + V1

​

1. намерение

(собираться что-либо делать)

2. предсказания, основанные на конкретных фактах

I’m going to study medicine.

​

Look at this cloud. It is going to rain.

Present Continuous �is, are, am + Ving

личные договоренности, принятые решения

I’m going to Moscow next weekend. I’ve already bought a train ticket

Present Simple

V1(s)

do/does

расписания, события, которые нельзя отменить по своему желанию

The train leaves at 5 PM tomorrow.

​

Tense

Uses

Examples

Future Simple will+V1

1.решение, возникшее в момент речи

2.предположения о будущем

3.обещания

4.просьба или предложение

Don’t worry. I’ll help you.

I think it will rain tomorrow.

I’ll bring the book back tonight.

Will you go with us?

Future Continuous will+be Ving

​

1.действие будет длиться в определенное время в будущем

2.действие, которое обязательно произойдет, так как происходит всегда или существует договоренность

3.вежливый вопрос о ближайших планах

This time next month, I will be relaxing on the beach.

We will be going to the museum at the weekend.

Will you be wearing your new dress tonight?

Future Perfect will+have V3

действие закончится к определенному времени в будущем

before, by, then, by the time, until/till (-)

We will have finished the exams by the end of this week

Future Perfect Continuous � will+have been Ving

используется, чтобы подчеркнуть длительность действия, которое будет происходить до определенного момента в будущем (by … for)

By the end of May, Jill will have been living here for fifteen years.

Ving

to infinitive

infinitive

• для подлежащего:

Swimming is healthy.

• после глаголов предпочтения:

like, dislike, love, enjoy, prefer, hate, can’t stand, don’t mind, fancy

• после некоторых глаголов:

suggest, avoid, consider, go, be/get used to, miss

risk, deny, continue

• после фраз:

How/what about

it’s worth

it’s no use

there is no point (in)

be interested in

have difficulty (in)

to be tired of

look forward to

• после глаголов:

would like, would prefer

​

• после некоторых глаголов

ask, agree, advise, appear, can’t wait, claim, decide, expect, hope, manage, promise, refuse, seem, want

​

• с прилагательными:

to be busy/glad/happy

it’s too hot

it’s cold enough

it’s nice/kind of you

• после модальных глаголов:

can, may, must, should

​

• с выражениями:

let’s

make smb do smth

I’d rather

You’d better

-ing form

Infinitive

1. после глаголов предпочтения: love, like, enjoy, prefer, dislike, hate, can’t stand

​

2. после следующих глаголов: admit, appreciate, avoid, consider, continue, deny, go, imagine, mind, miss, put off, quit, save, suggest, practise, prevent

​

3. после следующих выражений be busy, it’s no use, it’s no good, it’s(not) worth, what’s the use of, can’t help, there is no point/use (in), have difficulty (in), have trouble

It’s worth visiting. He couldn’t help laughing.

​

4. после выражений с предлогом to: look forward to, be/get used to, in addition to, object to I look forward to hearing from you.

​

5. после предлогов: what/how about, to be aware of,� to be (in)capable of, to be fond of, to be guilty of,� to be proud of, to be (dis)pleased at(with), to be sure of,� to be surprised(astonished) at, to be keen on, to accuse of, to approve of, to complain of, to depend on, to feel like, to rely on�to give up the idea of, to insist on, to look like, , to miss an opportunity of, to persist in, to prevent from, to speak of, to succeed in, to suspect of, to thank for, to think of

​

6. после глаголов: hear, notice, see, watch (незаконченное действие) I saw my sister leaving the room (Я видел, как моя сестра выходила из комнаты)

1. после глаголов: would like, would love, would prefer

​

2. после следующих глаголов agree, aim, appear, arrange, ask, beg, can’t afford, can’t wait, choose, claim, decide, demand, expect, fail, guarantee, happen, hesitate, hope, learn, manage, offer, omit, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, prove, refuse, seem, suppose, tend, threaten, train, turn out, undertake, want, wish, help

​

3. после прилагательных, описывающих чувства, эмоции или желания: to be angry, happy, glad, sad, eager; He is happy to take part in the contest.

​

4. в выражениях it+be+adjective (+of+object)

It is kind of you to lend us your car. It’s nice of you to wash up.

used to We used to play tag when we were children.

it’s a pleasure… It’s a pleasure to swim in the sea.

too/enough construction Are you old enough to drive

5. чтобы выразить цель: He’s joined a gym to keep fit. (Он пошел в тренажерный зал, чтобы быть в форме)

​

6. после союзных слов: where, how, what, who, which He asked me how to (use)…

​

Инфинитив без частицы используется после:

1. модальных глаголов: must, can, should, may/might

2. выражений had better/would rather I would rather go home. (Я бы лучше пошел домой)

3. глаголов make, let: She made him leave the room.

но в Passive He was made to leave the room.

4. see, hear, listen, watch (законченное действие) I saw my sister leave the room. (Я видел как моя сестра вышла из комнаты)

Выражение необходимости и долга (строго обязательно)

to make someone do something

to be compulsory

to be supposed to

(не строго обязательно, совет)

must закон, правило;

решение говорящего

have to решение кого-то� другого

need to

should / ought to (совет)

You must be quiet in the library.

I must find the hotel to stay at night.

I have to wear a uniform at school.

He needs to be careful.

You should/ought to see a doctor.

Разрешение

to allow smb to do

to permit smb to do

to let smb do

Запрет

to forbid smb to do

to ban smb from doing smth

imperative Don’t do smth

can (нейтральный вариант)

could (вежливый вариант)

may (официальный вариант)

can’t / mustn’t

Can I borrow your dictionary?

Yes, you can. / No, you can’t.

You can’t stop here.

You mustn’t park here.

Отсутствие необходимости (необязательно)

don’t have to

needn’t

don’t need to

You don’t have to bring lunch.�You needn’t bring lunch to school.

You don’t need to bring lunch.

Возможность/невозможность

can / can’t

He couldn’t see us in the crowd.

Предложения

can, would, shall,

Can I help you?

Would you like to watch TV?

Shall I return these books to the library in two weeks?

must

will

уверенность в предположении �на 90%/100%

(дожно быть)

They must be very rich, if they own a yacht.

They must have been rich before they leave the country.

They must be writing an essay.

could

might

may

неуверенность в предположении

(возможно)

It could be a sea eagle, though I’m not sure.

I think I may have met you before.

It’s 11 am. She can’t be sleeping

can’t

couldn’t

уверенность в том, �что этого не может быть

It can’t be her birthday.

Couldn’t it be a computer error?

He couldn’t have damaged your bike.

may be вероятно,

probably может быть

perhaps возможно

definitely ­- определенно, наверняка

It’s (im)possible – (не)возможно

It’s slight possible – маловероятно

It’s unlikely – маловероятно

It’s likely – вероятно, скорее всего

It’s certain – наверняка

Present Simple

is/are/am

The cakes are made by bakers. �Пирожные сделаны пекарями.

Present Continuous

is/are/am + being

The cake is being made by the baker now.

Present Perfect

have/has + been

The cake has been made (by the baker) recently.

Past Simple

was/were

The cake was made (by the baker) yesterday.

Past Continuous

was/were + being

The cake was being made (by the baker) for two hours yesterday.

Past Perfect

had + been

The cake had been made before the guests came

Future Simple

will be

The cake will be made (by the baker) tomorrow.

modals/

constructions

modal/

construction + be

The cake can be made by the baker.

The cake have to be made by the baker.

The cake is going to be made by the baker.

Wishes and Unreal Past

Выражение желаний/сожалений и нереального условия

Present Simple

Tom has his hair cut once a month.

Тому подстригают волосы раз в месяц.

Present Continuous

Jane is having her eyes tested now.

Джейн проверяют зрение сейчас.

Past Simple

We had our house painted yesterday.

Нам покрасили дом вчера.

Future Simple

They will have her clothes washed tomorrow.

Им завтра постирают оджду

Modals/�Construtions

My dad is going to have his car repaired later.

Моему папе собираются починить машину позднее.

Countable

Uncountable

many; (a) few

much; (a) little

some/any

We’ve got a few eggs and a little flour. We can make a pie.

We’ve got few eggs and little flour. We have to buy some to make a pie.

a couple of; several

(large/great/good) number of

a great/good deal of

a large/small amount of

a large/small quantity of

Hardly (any); plenty of; a lot of/lots; no; most

all; both; none; neither

We’ve bought a couple of ice-creams. There are several books on the shelf.

She has made a good deal of progress in her studies. We’ve had plenty of rain this year.

Both of my parents are Russian. Neither of them speak French. None of my friends speak French either. Neither boys no girls like playing this game. Next year he is going to visit either China or Japan.

who - кто, который (употребляется с людьми)

The girl who/that has long blond hair is my sister.

whom - кому, кого, о ком (с людьми)

The artist about whom I’m going to speak is famous all over the world.

which- который (употребляется с неодуш.сущ)

The house which/that has the red roof was built in the 19th century.

that - который (с одушевл. и с неодушевл.сущ., с животными)

The tiger that you can see here was born in the zoo three years ago.

whose - чей

This is the man whose dog barks all night.

where - где, куда

This is the school where I studied.

when - когда

That was the year when they left school.

why - почему

She didn’t tell me why she decided to �stay at home.