THE FIRST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION�1760-1820/1840

Prelude: The Population Explosion

• Famine
• War
• Disease
• Stricter quarantine measures
• The elimination of the black rat

Historical Significance of the Industrial Revolution

• The Industrial Revolution changed human life drastically
• More was created in the last 250+ years than in the previous 2500+ years of known human history

What was the Industrial Revolution?

• The Industrial Revolution refers to the greatly increased output of machine made goods that began in England in the 1700s

The Industrial Revolution

• Machines were invented which replaced human labor
• New energy sources were developed to power the new machinery – water, steam, electricity, oil (gas, kerosene)
• Increased use of metals and minerals
• Aluminum, coal, copper, iron, etc.

Britain Takes the Lead

Great Britain’s advantages:

• Plentiful iron and coal
• A navigable river system
• Colonies that supplied raw materials and bought finished goods
• A government that encouraged improvements in transportation and used its navy to protect British trade

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Development of the Domestic System of Production

• Domestic system developed in England
• Late 1600s-late 1800s
• Domestic system could not keep up with demand

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The Industrial Revolution

• Transportation improved
• Ships
• Wooden ships → Iron ships → Steel ships
• Wind-powered sails → Steam-powered boilers
• Trains
• Automobiles
• Communication improved
• Telegraph
• Telephone
• Radio

Background of the Industrial Revolution

• Scientific Revolution
• Intellectual Revolution
• Encouraged learning and the search for better and newer ways of doing things
• Agricultural Revolution
• Landowners experimented in their enclosures
• Seed drill
• Crop rotation
• Livestock breeding

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The Seed Drill

Innovations:�The Threshing Machine

Townshend’s �Four-Field System

crop rotation example

Charles “Turnip” Townshend

Factory System

• Developed to replace the domestic system of production
• Faster method of production
• Workers concentrated in a set location
• Production anticipated demand
• For example: Under the domestic system, a woman might select fabric and have a businessperson give it to a home-based worker to make into a dress. Under the factory system, the factory owner bought large lots of popular fabrics and had workers create multiple dresses in common sizes, anticipating that women would buy them.

Why the Industrial Revolution Started in England

England’s Resources: Capital

• merchants had the capital to invest in the factory system – money to buy buildings, machinery, and raw materials
• Its colonies gave England access to enormous markets and vast amounts of raw materials
• possessed the necessary raw materials to create the means of production (coal, iron)
• English people could freely travel from the countryside to the cities
• World’s largest merchant fleet

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England’s Resources: Geography

• England is the political center of Great Britain, an island
• Great Britain did not suffer fighting on its land during the wars of the 18^th century
• Island has excellent harbors and ports
• Damp climate benefited the textile industry (thread did not dry out)
• Government stable
• No internal trade barriers

Inventions Spur Industrialization

• Weavers work faster-flying shuttles/ spinning jennies
• Water frame uses H2O to drive spinning wheels
• Power loom- spinning mules speed up production
• Move machinery to factories

“Necessity Is the Mother of Invention”

“Necessity Is the Mother of Invention”

“Necessity Is the Mother of Invention”

“Necessity Is the Mother of Invention”

• The process of inventing never ends

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• One invention inevitably leads to improvements upon it and to more inventions

Bell Work �January 13, 2014

• Turn your project into the stack at the front
• Also, turn your current event into your box
• How was your second drawing of the urban village different than your first?
• Were you surprised at how fast these towns grew in just 100 years?
• What factors did you think about when laying out your town?

The Birth and Growth of the Textile Industry

These machines were so large. They were placed in large buildings called factories

Development of Steam Engines

• Early water power involved mills built over fast-moving streams and rivers
• Problems-rivers far removed, not enough power, prone to drying
• James Watt, Scotland (1769)
• Improved Newcomen’s steam engine to power machinery

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Steam Engines

• By 1800, steam engines were replacing water wheels as sources of power for factories
• Factories relocated near raw materials, workers, and ports
• Cities grew around the factories built near central England’s coal and iron mines
• Manchester, Liverpool

Transportation

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Before the Industrial Revolution

• Canal barges pulled by mules
• Ships powered by sails
• Horse-drawn wagons, carts, and carriages

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After the Industrial Revolution

• Trains
• Steamships
• Trolleys
• Automobiles

Transportation Revolution

Steamboats

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• Robert Fulton invented the steamboat in 1807
• The Clermont operated the first regular steamboat route, running between Albany and New York City
• 1819 – the Savannah used a steam engine as auxiliary power for the first time when it sailed across the Atlantic Ocean
• 1836 – John Ericsson invented a screw propeller to replace paddle wheels
• 1838 – the Great Western first ship to sail across the Atlantic on steam power alone, completing the trip in 15 days

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Macadamized Roads

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• Strong, hard roads invented by Thomas Telford and John McAdam

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• Improvement over dirt and gravel roads

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• Macadamized roads have a smooth, hard surface that supports heavy loads without requiring a thick roadbed

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• Modern roads are macadamized roads, with tar added to limit the creation of dust

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Railroads

• 1830 – Stephenson’s “Rocket” train traveled the 40 miles between Liverpool and Manchester in 1 ½ hours
• 1830-1870 – railroad tracks went from 49 miles to over 15,000 miles
• Steel rails replaced iron rails
• 1869 – Westinghouse’s air brake made train travel safer
• Greater train traveling comfort – heavier train cars, improved road beds, and sleeping cars

Communications Revolution

Bell Work �January 14�Review Questions�Pick two to answer thoroughly

1. What was the Industrial Revolution?

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• Describe at least three developments of the Industrial Revolution.

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• Compare and contrast the domestic and factory methods of production.

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• Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in England?

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• Explain why one invention or development leads to another.

Review Questions

6. Explain how developments in the textile industry sparked the Industrial Revolution.

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• Describe at least three developments in the area of transportation.

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• Describe at least three developments in the field of communications.

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• Considering the conditions necessary for industrialization to occur, how well equipped is the undeveloped world for becoming industrialized? Are modern undeveloped nations in a better or worse position than 18^th- and 19^th-century England?

Industrialization: Section 2

• European cities go through a period of urbanization because of the factory system
• This caused living conditions to be terrible
• Sickness was widespread (cholera)
• Average worker spent 14hours, 6days
• Dangerous industry-coal mines

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Class Tension

• New money-factory owners, shippers, and merchants became middle class
• Upper-doctors, lawyers
• Lower-factory overseers
• Working class-machines replaced them
• Luddites-destroyed machines in factories and rioted

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Hey, some good things ☺

• Created jobs
• Money!
• Increased production of goods
• Hope of improvement
• Expanded educational opportunities
• Took a while for everybody but eventually conditions improved in the work place

Bell Work �January 15, 2014

• What early industries mechanized in the United States?
• Why did Belgium lead Europe in adopting industrialization?
• How did the Industrial Revolution shift the world balance of power?

Industrialization Spreads Section: 3

• Samuel Slater- built a spinning machine from memory in U.S.
• Francis Lowell-mechanized every stage of manufactured cloth in U.S.
• Women flocked to mill jobs
• U.S. went through Industrialization in late 1800s
• Resources, inventions, swelling population were contributors
• Railroads played a major role

Corporations

• Entrepreneurs sold shares of stock or rights of ownership
• These businesses became corporations
• Gives the ability to raise large amounts of capital
• Standard Oil
• Carnegie Steel

Europe Industrializes

• William Cockerill made his way to Belgium, his son built large industry there
• Germany had pockets of industry
• Imported British engineers and build railways
• Regions in Europe began to Industrialize (ex. Northern Italy-textile)
• Social structure and geography halted it elsewhere

Impact

• Industrialized countries exploited overseas markets for resources
• Imperialism was born
• Gave Europe great power
• Developed a middle class
• Created a movement for social reform

Philosophers: Section 4

• Adam Smith believed in the term laissez faire
• Policy of letting owner of industry and business set working conditions without interference
• Wrote about in The Wealth of Nations

Philosophers

• Capitalism-economic system in which the factors of production are privately owned and money is invested in business ventures to make a profit
• Malthus -An Essay on the Principle of Population epidemics and wars are necessary
• Ricardo- Principles of Political Economy and Taxation-a permanent underclass

Philosophers

• Jeremy Bentham-utilitarianism-people should judge things based on their usefulness
• Individuals should be free to pursue interests without interference of the state
• Questioned unregulated capitalism
• Pushed for reforms
• Utopian leaders-Robert Owen-improved working conditions, attempted to create Utopia in Indiana

Philosophers

• French Reformers
• Charles Fourier and Saint-Simon
• Socialism-factors of production are owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all

Philosophers

• Karl Marx and Freidrich Engels
• The Communist Manifesto
• Middle class “haves” or bourgeoisie
• “have nots” workers or proletariats
• Predicted that the workers would overthrow owners

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Marx

• Marx believed factories would drive small businesses out, leaving anumber of manufacturers to control all wealth
• Proletariat would revolt and a classless society would develop
• Called communism
• All good would be shared equally

Reforms

• Workers joined together to form unions
• Engaged in bargaining with employers if refused workers would strike
• Britain-Combination Acts outlawed unions but were repealed in 1824
• 1886- U.S.- American Federation of Labor led successful strikes

Reforms

• Factory Act of 1833-illegal to hire children under 9
• Could not work more than 8 hours a day
• 1842- Mines Act prevented women and children from working underground
• 1847- limited workday to 10 hours

Reform Movement

• William Wilberforce was influential in getting the slave to end in Britain in 1833
• US-1865-Puerto Rico-1873-Brazil-1888
• Women activists met at the International Council for Women in 1888.
• Horace Mann-advocated for free public education
• Alexis de Tocqueville sought to reform the conditions in prison