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DRAINAGE�Class 9

Prepared by:

S.A.Rehman

PGT-Geography

JNV-Dakshina Kannad, Karnataka

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The term drainage describes the river system of an area.

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The area drained by a single river system is called a drainage basin.

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A mountain or a upland area separating two drainage basins is called water divide.

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The world’s largest drainage basin is of the Amazon river

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India’s largest drainage basin is of the Ganga river.

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Drainage Systems in India

The Himalayan river system

The Peninsular river system

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Himalayan river system

Himalayan rivers are perennial

They perform an immense erosional activity in the upper course. Brahmaputra and Indus make gorges.

Carry huge loads of silt and sand

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In the middle and lower course they form meanders, oxbow lakes, flood plains and deltas.

Ganga, Indus and Brahmaputra are the major rivers.

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Peninsular rivers

They are seasonal and depend on rainfall

Has short and shallower course

Less erosional activities in upper course.

During dry season it has reduced flow of water.

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• Do not carry much silt, so there are no major plains. Land is fertile only in delta areas.

• The Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri originate in western Ghats and flows towards Bay of Bengal.

• The Narmada and Tapi originate in Central Highland and flows towards Arabian Sea.

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A river has 3 stage-- Upper course, Middle course and lower course

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Drainage Pattern

The streams within a drainage basin form certain patterns, depending on the slope of land, underlying rock structures as well as the climatic conditions of the area

There are 4 types of drainage pattern

• 1. Dendritic pattern
• 2. Trellis pattern
• 3. Rectangular pattern
• 4. Radial pattern

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Dendritic pattern

Develops where the river channel follows the slope of the land.

• The streams and its tributaries resembles the branches of a tree

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Trellis pattern

• A river joined by its tributaries, at approximately right angles, develop a trellis pattern.

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Rectangular Pattern

• A rectangular drainage pattern develops on a strongly jointed rocky terrain.

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Radial pattern

• The radial pattern develops when streams flow in different directions from a central peak or dome like structure.

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The Himalayan Rivers

• The major Himalayan rivers are the Indus, the Ganga and the Brahmaputra.

• A river along with its tributaries may be called a river system.

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Indus river system

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Total length is 2900 kms, originates near Manasarowar lake in Tibet.

• Its important tributaries in Jammu and Kashmir are the Zaskar, Nubra, Shyok and the Hunza.

The other tributaries are the Satluj, the Ravi, the Beas, the Jhelum and the Chenab joins Indus at Mithankot in Pakistan.

• Drains into Arabian sea of Karachi forming a delta

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• One third of the Indus basin is located in India in the Union territories of Ladakh and Jammu and Kashmir, and in the states of Himachal Pradesh and the Punjab.

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• According to the regulation of Indus Water Treaty (1960) with Pakistan, India can use only 20% of the total water carried by Indus river system.

• This water is used for irrigation in the Punjab, Haryana and the Rajasthan.

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Ganga River system

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Gaumukh- origin of Ganga

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The Ganga river system

• Total length is 2500 kms.

• The headwaters of the Ganga, called the ‘Bhagirathi is fed by the Gangotri Glacier and joined by the Alaknanda at Devaprayag.

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• The Yamuna, Ghaghara, Gandak and Kosi are the major tributaries from Himalayas.

• The river Yamuna rises from the Yamunotri Glacier and meets the Ganga at Prayagraj.

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• The main tributaries, which comes from the peninsular uplands, are the Chambal, the Betwa and the Son.

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• At Farakka in West Bengal, the Ganga enters into Bangladesh.

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• It joins with Brahmaputra and known as Meghna.

• Together they form the largest delta in the world called ‘Sunderban delta’.

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• The Sundarban delta derived its name from the Sundari tree which grows well in marshland.

• It is the world’s largest and fastest growing delta. Its home to ‘Royal Bengal Tiger’.

• Ganga conservation programme started by Union government in 2014 with two objective.
• 1. Effective abatement of population
• 2. Conservation and rejuvenation of the national river.

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The Namami Gange Progamme

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Brahmaputra River System

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• Rises in Tibet east of Mansarowar lake.

• At Namcha Barwa it takes a U-turn to enter India in Arunachal Pradesh through a Gorge. In Arunachal Pradesh it is called Dihang.

• Dibang and the Lohit are its important tributaries.

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• In Tibet, the river carries a smaller volume of water and less silt as it is a cold and a dry area.

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• In India it passes through a region of high rainfall, carries a large volume of water and silt.

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• The Brahmaputra has a braided channel in its entire length in Assam and forms many riverine islands.

• Majuli is the largest riverine island in the world.

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• Every year it causes devastating flood in Assam.

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Peninsular rivers

• West flowing

• East flowing

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The Narmada Basin

• Narmada rises in the Amarkantak hills in Madhya Pradesh.

• Flows west in a rift valley formed due to faulting.

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Dhuadhar falls

Namami Devi Narmade

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The Tapi basin

• The Tapi rises in the Satpura ranges in the Betul district of Madhya Pradesh

• It also flows parallel to a rift valley to the Narmada

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Estuary

Narmada and Tapi do not form delta, their water directly enters into the sea called Estuary.

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The Godavari

• Largest peninsular river.

• Rises in the Nasik district of Maharashtra.

• Total length is 1500 km.

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• Because of the length and the area Godavari covers, it is also known as the ‘Dakshina Ganga’.

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The Mahanadi

• Rises in the highlands of Chhattisgarh.

• Total length is 860 km.

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The Krishna

• Rise from a spring near Mahabaleshwar, the Krishna flows for about 1400 km.

• The Tungabhadra, the Koyana, the Ghatprabha, the Musi and the Bhima are some of its tributaries.

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The Kaveri

• Rises in the Brahmagiri range of the Western Ghats.

• Total length is 760 km.

• Amravati, Bhavani, Hemavati and Kabini are its important tributaries.

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River Kaveri makes the second biggest waterfall in India- Sivasamudram

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Jog falls is the biggest waterfall in India.

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Lakes

• A body of water that lies in a hollow in the earth’s surface and is surrounded by land.

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• Lakes of large extent are called the seas, like the Caspian, the Dead sea and the Aral sea.

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• Lakes are formed by the actions of glacier, wind, river action and human activities.

• Lakes can be classified as Salt water lake and Fresh water lake or natural lake and man-made lake.

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• A meandering river across a flood plain forms cut-offs that later develop into ox-bow lakes.

• Spit and bars form lagoons in the coastal areas, eg the Chilika lake, the Pulicat lake , the Kolleru lake.

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• Lakes in the region of Inland drainage are sometimes seasonal, for example, the Sambhar lake in Rajasthan, which is a salt water lake.

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• Wular lake in Jammu and Kashmir, is a result of tectonic activity

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• Dams across rivers has led to the formation of lakes called man-made lakes. Example – Guru Gobind Sagar (Bhakra Nangal project)

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Importance of lakes

• Regulates the flow of a river.

• Prevents flooding during rainy season.

• Maintains even flow of water

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• Used for developing hydel power.

• Influence the climate of the surrounding.

• Maintains aquatic ecosystem.

• Enhance natural beauty, develops tourism.

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Role of rivers in the economy

• Rivers have attracted human settlement from ancient times.

• Today these settlements have become large cities.

• Used for irrigation, navigation and hydro power generation.

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River Pollution

• The growing domestic, municipal, industrial and agricultural demand for water from rivers naturally affects the quality of water.

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• Heavy load of untreated sewage and industrial effluents are emptied into the river causing pollution.

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Urbanisation and industrialisation has also contributed to the river pollution.

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Thank You