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Installing IDE

Download from Arduino website
Unzip to any directory
Double click Arduino.exe file

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Installing IDE

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Some common functions

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Structure of Arduino sketch

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Primitive data types

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Returning more than one value using global variable

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Returning more than one value using reference variable

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Condition testing – if statement

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Condition testing – if…else statement

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Repeating statements

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Variety of actions based on single variable

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Operators used in Arduino

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Relational Operators

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Logical Operators

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Bitwise Operators

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String Comparison function

strcmp() – returns 0 if strings are equal

>0 if first is greater

<0 if second is greater

int length = strlen(string);
strcpy(destination, source);
strncpy(destination, source, 6); // copy up to 6 characters from source to destination
strcat(destination, source);

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Compound Operators

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Functions

abs(value);
constrain(x, min, max) – ensures value within min-max range
min(x,y) – returns minimum value
max(x,y)
pow(x,y) – x^y
sqrt(x)
floor(x), ceil(x) – rounding off
Trigonometric functions – sin(x), cos(x)
random(min,max)

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Reading and setting bits

<< - bit shift left

>> - bit shift right

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Arduino interaction with Computer and other devices – Serial Communication

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Serial Communication

Provides an easy and flexible way for Arduino board to interact with computer and other devices
Also a handy tool for debugging
Arduino IDE provides a Serial Monitor to display serial data received from Arduino

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Serial Communication

Arduino sketch can use the serial port to indirectly access all the resources that the computer has
Computer can also use serial port to interact with sensors or other devices connected to Arduino
Serial communication involves hardware and software
Hardware provides electrical signaling between the Arduino and the device
Software uses hardware to send bytes or bits

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Serial hardware

Sends and receives data as electrical pulses
O volts – bit 0 and 5 volts – bit 1
Most Arduino boards have a chip to convert the hardware serial port to USB for connection to the hardware serial port
Some Arduino boards uses adapter to convert TTL to USB
Standard Arduino has single hardware serial port
Arduino Mega has 4 hardware serial ports

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Serial hardware

Arduino Mega has 4 hardware serial ports

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Serial Software

Built in libraries available
Serial libraries simplifies the use of serial ports by insulating you from hardware complexities
If more serial ports than the number of hardware serial ports are needed, we can use additional library that uses software to emulate serial hardware

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Serial Message Protocol

Hardware and software serial libraries handle sending and receiving information
Often consists of group of variables to sent together
Receiving side needs to recognize beginning and end of message
Communication protocol – formal organization of information in a message and range of appropriate responses to requests
Header – one or more special character to identify start of message
Footer – one or more special character to identify end of message

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Sending debug information from Arduino to computer

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Sending debug information from Arduino to computer

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Sending formatted text and numeric data from Arduino

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