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Napoleon During the Revolution

Jacobin supporter

Defeated Egypt (1798)

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Napoleon During the Revolution

Jacobin supporter

Defeated Egypt (1798)

Coup of 1799: overthrow of the Directory

consulat (1799-1802), constitutional government

consul for life (1802-1804)

emperor

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Rule of France

use of the plebiscite (legitimacy)

prefects maintained order

suppression of the press

peace with the Catholic Church

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Rule of France

use of the plebiscite (legitimacy)

prefects maintained order

suppression of the press

peace with the Catholic Church

Napoleon’s Leadership

restless

ignored topics that bored him

wild belief in success

tolerated opposing viewpoints

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Wars of Conquest

Defeat of Austria: Treaty of Lunéville (1801)

French gains in Italy

Control of Belgium

Peace of Amiens with Great Britain (1802)

recognized continental gains

End of the Holy Roman Empire

Third Coalition: Russia, Austria, Great Britain

Battle of Trafalgar (1805): Horatio Nelson

cross-channel invasion no longer possible

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Battle of Austerlitz (1805)

crushed Russians &

Austrians

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The Empire

France
Satellite states
Dependent allies

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Changes in warfare under Napoleon

speed & artillery

citizen-soldiers (nationalism vs. mercenaries)

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Changes in warfare under Napoleon

speed & artillery

citizen-soldiers (nationalism vs. mercenaries)

Napoleon as a reformer

merit system

Bank of France (1800)

secondary schools

first public university

Law: Napoleonic Code

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Napoleonic Code

Of the Enjoyment and Privation of Civil Rights

The exercise of civil rights is independent of the quality of citizen, which is only acquired and preserved conformably to the constitutional law.
Every Frenchman shall enjoy civil rights.

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Napoleonic Code

Chapter VI: Of the Respective Rights and Duties of Married Persons

The husband owes protection to his wife, the wife obedience to her husband.
The wife is obliged to live with her husband, and to follow him to every place where he may judge it convenient to reside: the husband is obliged to receive her, and to furnish her with every necessity for the wants of life, according to his means and station.
The wife cannot plead in her own name, without the authority of her husband, even though she should be a public trader, or non-communicant, or separate in property.

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Napoleon’s views on women

We treat women too well, and in this way have spoiled everything. We have done every wrong by raising them to our level. Truly the Oriental nations have more mind and sense than we in declaring the wife to be the actual property of the husband. In fact nature has made woman our slave. . . . Woman is given to man that she may bear children . . . consequently she is his property, just as a fruit tree is the property of the gardener.

--from Napoleon’s Memoirs

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Continental System

isolate Great Britain economically

close European ports to British ships

captive markets for French goods

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Continental System

isolate Great Britain economically

close European ports to British ships

captive markets for French goods

War with Russia

control of Black Sea

invasion, June 1812 (600,000) --> Moscow (Sept.)

retreat

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Results

Quadruple Alliance: Great Britain, Austria, Russia,

Prussia

lost support at home

Napoleon exiled to Elba

restoration: Louis XVIII

Duke of Wellington

Russian Army in Paris

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