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Eukaryotic Cells�vs.�Prokaryotic Cells

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Cell Theory

  • Cells are the basic units of living organisms.
  • The cell theory states that:
    • All living things are made of one or more cells.
    • Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things.
    • All cells come from other cells.

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Cell Types

  • Two categories:

1. Cell that have

membrane-bound organelles

    • Called Eukaryotic Cells

2. Cells that do not have membrane-bound organelles

    • called prokaryotic cells
      • Unicellular organisms such as bacteria are examples of prokaryotes.

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Cell Types

  • Eukaryotic cells-
    • Cells that contain organelles which are held together by membranes
    • Examples include plant and animal cells.

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Eukaryotic Cell Structure

  • The plasma membrane/cell membrane
    • the flexible boundary of a cell
    • separates a cell from its surroundings

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Plasma Membrane/Cell Membrane continued:

  • allows nutrients to enter the cell and waste to be removed

    • This is referred to as selective permeability. *(Selective=Chooses, Permeability=filter through)*

  • keeping a healthy balance of nutrients and water within the cell is called homeostasis

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Overview of Organelles

  • Nucleus-
    • Largest organelle in the cell and it is the most inner compartment of the cell
    • contains chromatin (DNA); genetic information on strands called chromosomes
    • “control center” for cell metabolism and reproduction
  • Chromatin- Directions on how to make proteins
  • Nucleolus- Found inside nucleus; ribosomes are made here

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Overview Cont’d

  • Ribosomes- make proteins (made up of RNA and protein); thought of as “factories”
  • Cytoplasm- clear gel like fluid inside the cell, which suspends all organelles
  • Endoplasmic Reticulum- extensive network of membranes
    • Rough ER: with ribosomes
    • Smooth ER: with no visible ribosomes
  • Golgi Apparatus- sorts proteins made by the ribosomes and sends them to needed places in the cell

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  • Lysosomes- organelles that are filled with digestive enzymes to remove waste and invading bacteria

  • Mitochondria- often referred to as the “powerhouse” of the cell
    • release energy for the cell
    • It converts the energy stored in glucose into ATP for the cell

  • Vacuoles- fluid filled organelles enclosed by a membrane
    • Store materials such as food, sugar, water, and waste products

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Eukaryotic plant cell

  • Plant cells are also Eukaryotic cells, but plant cells contain some organelles that are not found in animal cells.

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Plant Cell Organelles

  • Cell wall- rigid wall outside the plasma membrane. It provides the cell with extra support.
  • Chloroplasts- captures light and energy; and converts it into chemical energy.
  • Chlorophyll- green pigment found inside the chloroplast.
  • Plastids- organelles that store things such as food in the plant cell.

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Poster project

  • Create a 3 part poster comparing and contrasting the structures/organelles of each cell (prokaryotic, animal and plant)

      • Identify the shape of each cell
      • Identify the structure and function of each organelle in the eukaryotic cells
      • Point out differences between organelles in the plant and animal cell

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Poster example 1:

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Poster example 2:

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Bacterial cell Animal cell Plant cell

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