Eukaryotic Cells�vs.�Prokaryotic Cells

Cell Theory

• Cells are the basic units of living organisms.
• The cell theory states that:
• All living things are made of one or more cells.
• Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things.
• All cells come from other cells.

Cell Types

• Two categories:

1. Cell that have

membrane-bound organelles

• Called Eukaryotic Cells

2. Cells that do not have membrane-bound organelles

• called prokaryotic cells
• Unicellular organisms such as bacteria are examples of prokaryotes.

Cell Types

• Eukaryotic cells-
• Cells that contain organelles which are held together by membranes
• Examples include plant and animal cells.

Eukaryotic Cell Structure

• The plasma membrane/cell membrane
• the flexible boundary of a cell
• separates a cell from its surroundings

Plasma Membrane/Cell Membrane continued:

• allows nutrients to enter the cell and waste to be removed

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• This is referred to as selective permeability. *(Selective=Chooses, Permeability=filter through)*

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• keeping a healthy balance of nutrients and water within the cell is called homeostasis

Overview of Organelles

• Nucleus-
• Largest organelle in the cell and it is the most inner compartment of the cell
• contains chromatin (DNA); genetic information on strands called chromosomes
• “control center” for cell metabolism and reproduction
• Chromatin- Directions on how to make proteins
• Nucleolus- Found inside nucleus; ribosomes are made here

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Overview Cont’d

• Ribosomes- make proteins (made up of RNA and protein); thought of as “factories”
• Cytoplasm- clear gel like fluid inside the cell, which suspends all organelles
• Endoplasmic Reticulum- extensive network of membranes
• Rough ER: with ribosomes
• Smooth ER: with no visible ribosomes
• Golgi Apparatus- sorts proteins made by the ribosomes and sends them to needed places in the cell

• Lysosomes- organelles that are filled with digestive enzymes to remove waste and invading bacteria

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• Mitochondria- often referred to as the “powerhouse” of the cell
• release energy for the cell
• It converts the energy stored in glucose into ATP for the cell

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• Vacuoles- fluid filled organelles enclosed by a membrane
• Store materials such as food, sugar, water, and waste products

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Eukaryotic plant cell

• Plant cells are also Eukaryotic cells, but plant cells contain some organelles that are not found in animal cells.

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Plant Cell Organelles

• Cell wall- rigid wall outside the plasma membrane. It provides the cell with extra support.
• Chloroplasts- captures light and energy; and converts it into chemical energy.
• Chlorophyll- green pigment found inside the chloroplast.
• Plastids- organelles that store things such as food in the plant cell.

Poster project

• Create a 3 part poster comparing and contrasting the structures/organelles of each cell (prokaryotic, animal and plant)

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• Identify the shape of each cell
• Identify the structure and function of each organelle in the eukaryotic cells
• Point out differences between organelles in the plant and animal cell

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Poster example 1:

Poster example 2:

Bacterial cell Animal cell Plant cell