1 of 159

Sri Raghavendra Educational Institutions Society (R)

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

www.skit.org.in

Department of Computer Science & Engineering

21CS63-Computer graphics and Fundamental of Image Processing

2 of 159

MODULE-3�

Interactive Input Methods and Graphical User Interfaces

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

3 of 159

Graphical Input Data

Graphics programs use several kinds of input data, such as

coordinate positions,
attribute values,
character-string specifications,
geometric-transformation values,
viewing conditions, and illumination parameters

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

4 of 159

International Standards Organization (ISO) and American National Standards Institute (ANSI) standards,

provide an extensive set of input functions for processing data

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

5 of 159

Provide mainly device-independent functions

Require interaction with display-window managers and specific hardware devices.

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

6 of 159

Logical Classification of Input Devices

Input functions are classified based on the data type

Device that is used to provide the specified data is referred to as a logical input device for that data type
The standard logical input-data classifications

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

7 of 159

��

The standard logical input-data classifications are:
LOCATOR: A device for specifying one coordinate position.

STROKE: A device for specifying a set of coordinate positions.

STRING: A device for specifying text input.

VALUATOR: A device for specifying a scalar value.

CHOICE: A device for selecting a menu option.

PICK: A device for selecting a component of a picture

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

8 of 159

Locator Devices

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

9 of 159

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

10 of 159

Keyboards are used for locator input in several ways:

4 cursor-control keys that move the screen cursor up, down, left, and right

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

11 of 159

Stroke Devices

To input a sequence of coordinate positions

Physical device for generating locator input

Translate continuous movement of cursor positioning device, such as mouse, into a series of input coordinate values

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

12 of 159

String devices

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

13 of 159

Valuator Devices

To set the scalar value for geometric transformations, viewing parameters and illumination parameters

Temperature, voltage levels, stress factor etc..

A typical physical device used to provide valuator input is a panel of control dials.

Example of physical device: joystcik, tablets

Other Technique for providing valuator i/p:

Dsiplay the graphical representation of sliders, buttons, rotating scales and menu on the video monitor

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

14 of 159

Choice Devices

Menus are typically used in graphics programs to select processing options, parameter values, and object shapes that are to be used in constructing a picture

For screen selection of listed menu options, cursor-positioning device is used. When a screen cursor position (x, y) is selected

A menu item with vertical and horizontal boundaries at the coordinate values xmin, xmax, ymin, and ymax.

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

15 of 159

Pick Devices

Pick device is used to select a part of a scene that is to be transformed or edited in some way

Pick operations are performed by positioning the screen cursor and pressing a button or key to record pixel coordinates.

Coordinate-extent tests do not uniquely identify a pick object

Apprach1:Compute the distances from the pick position to individual line segments

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

16 of 159

Picking Technique

Apprach1:
Calculate the perpendicular distance squared from a pick position to the line position to the line

For a line segment with pixel endpoint coordinates (x1, y1) and (x2, y2),

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

17 of 159

Cont..

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

18 of 159

Cont..

Approach2:

Associate a pick window with a selected cursor position, The pick window is centered on the cursor position,
Example: A pick window with center (x,y) width w and height h

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

19 of 159

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

20 of 159

Highlighting can also be used to facilitate picking

Other method used to facilitates picking successively highlight those objects whose coordinate extent overlap a pick position

User could issue accept or reject action after the object is highlighted

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

21 of 159

Input Functions for Graphical Data

Input Modes:

Request mode:

Data entry initiated by application program
Suspend process, wait for input data
Input device and program operate alternately

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

22 of 159

Sample mode:

Input device and program operate independent

Event mode:

Data entry initiated by input device (event initiated)
Data stored in queue
Interactive Input Methods

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

23 of 159

Echo Feedback

When an echo of the input data is requested, it is displayed within a specified screen area.

Echo feedback can include:

The size of the pick window
The minimum pick distance
The type and size of a cursor

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

24 of 159

The type of highlighting to be employed during pick operations

The range (mininum and maximum) for valuator input

The resolution (scale) for valuator input

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

25 of 159

Callback Functions

Callback functions that interact with the system software

These functions specify what actions are to be taken by a program when an input event occurs

Typical input events are moving a mouse, pressing a mouse button, or pressing a key on the keyboard.

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

26 of 159

Interactive Picture-Construction Techniques

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

27 of 159

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

28 of 159

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

29 of 159

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

30 of 159

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

31 of 159

Cont..

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

32 of 159

Cont..

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

33 of 159

Virtual-Reality Environments

Interactive input is accomplished in virtual-reality environment with a data glove
The data glove, which is capable of grasping and moving objects displayed in a virtual scene.

The computer-generated scene is displayed through a head-mounted viewing system as a stereographic projection

Tracking devices compute the position and orientation of the headset and data glove

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

34 of 159

A user can move through the scene and rearrange object positions with the data glove

Another method for generating virtual scenes is to display stereographic projections on a raster monitor,

with the two stereographic views displayed on alternate refresh cycles
The scene is then viewed through stereographic glasses.
Interactive object manipulations can be accomplished with a data glove and a tracking device

Where to monitor the glove position and orientation relative to the position of objects in the scene.

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

35 of 159

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

36 of 159

Cont..

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

37 of 159

Cont..

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

38 of 159

Cont..

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

39 of 159

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

40 of 159

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

41 of 159

GLUT Tablet Functions

glutTabletButtonFunc (tabletFcn);
The arguments for the invoked function are similar to those for a mouse:

void tabletFcn (GLint tabletButton, GLint action,GLint xTablet, GLint yTablet)

A tablet button with an integer identifier such as 1, 2, 3,

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

42 of 159

The button action is specified with either GLUT_UP or GLUT_DOWN.
The returned values xTablet and yTablet are the tablet coordinates

glutDeviceGet (GLUT_NUM_TABLET_BUTTONS);
Motion of a tablet stylus or cursor is processed with the following function:

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

43 of 159

glutTabletMotionFunc (tabletMotionFcn);

where the invoked function has the form

void tabletMotionFcn (GLint xTablet, GLint yTablet)

The returned values xTablet and yTablet give the coordinates on the tablet surface

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

44 of 159

GLUT Spaceball Functions

This is used to specify an operation when a spaceball button is activated for a selected display window:
glutSpaceballButtonFunc (spaceballFcn);

The callback function has two parameters:

void spaceballFcn (GLint spaceballButton, GLint action)

Spaceball buttons are identified with the same integer values as a tablet

The number of available spaceball buttons can be determined with a call to glutDeviceGet using the argument GLUT_NUM_SPACEBALL_BUTTONS

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

45 of 159

Translational motion of a spaceball
glutSpaceballMotionFunc (spaceballTranlFcn);

The three-dimensional translation distances are passed to the invoked function as, for example:

void spaceballTranslFcn (GLint tx, GLint ty, GLint tz)

A spaceball rotation is recorded with :

glutSpaceballRotateFunc (spaceballRotFcn);

The three-dimensional rotation angles are then available to the callback function, as follows:

void spaceballRotFcn (GLint thetaX, GLint thetaY, GLint thetaZ)

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

46 of 159

GLUT Button-Box Function

Input from a button box is obtained

glutButtonBoxFunc (buttonBoxFcn);

Button activation is then passed to the invoked function:

void buttonBoxFcn (GLint button, GLint action);

The buttons are identified with integer values, and the button action is specified as GLUT_UP or GLUT_DOWN.

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

47 of 159

GLUT Dials Function

A dial rotation can be recorded with the following routine:

glutDialsFunc(dialsFcn);

The callback function is used to identify the dial and obtain the angular amount of rotation:

void dialsFcn (GLint dial, GLint degreeValue);

Dials are designated with integer values, and the dial rotation is returned as an integer degree value.

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

48 of 159

�OpenGL Picking Operations�

Picking is performed using a designated pick window to form a revised view volume.

Integer identifiers are assigned to objects in a scene, and that are stored in a pick-buffer array.

To use the OpenGL pick features, following procedures has to be incorporated into a program:
Create and display a scene

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

49 of 159

Cont..

Pick a screen position and, within the mouse callback function, do the following:

Set up a pick buffer.
Activate the picking operations (selection mode).
Initialize an ID name stack for object identifiers.
Save the current viewing and geometric-transformation matrix.
Specify a pick window for the mouse input

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

50 of 159

Assign identifiers to objects and reprocess the scene using the revised view volume.
Pick information is then stored in the pick buffer.

Restore the original viewing and geometric-transformation matrix.

Determine the number of objects that have been picked, and return to the normal rendering mode.
Process the pick information.

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

51 of 159

A pick-buffer array is set up with the following command

glSelectBuffer (pickBuffSize, pickBuffer);

Parameter pickBuffer designates an integer array with pickBuffSize elements.
The glSelectBuffer function must be invoked before the OpenGL picking operations (selection mode) are activated.

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

52 of 159

The records of information can be stored in the pick buffer, depending on the size and location of the pick window

Each record in the pick buffer contains the following information:
The stack position of the object,

which is the number of identifiers in the name stack, up to and including the position of the picked object.

The minimum depth of the picked object.

The maximum depth of the picked object.

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

53 of 159

The list of the identifiers in the name stack from the first (bottom) identifier to the identifier for the picked object.

The integer depth values stored in the pick buffer are the original values in the range from 0 to 1.0, multiplied by 232 - 1.

The OpenGL picking operations are activated with

glRenderMode (GL_SELECT); //Above routine call switches to selection mode.

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

54 of 159

A scene is processed through the viewing pipeline but not stored in the frame buffer.

A record of information for each object displayed in the normal rendering mode is placed in the pick buffer.

To return to the normal rendering mode glRenderMode routine is invoked using the argument GL_RENDER

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

55 of 159

A third option is the argument GL_ FEEDBACK,

which stores object coordinates and other information in a feedback buffer without displaying the objects.

glInitNames ( ); //It is used to activate the integer-ID name stack for the picking operations

glPushName (ID); //The ID stack is initially empty, and this stack can be used only in selection mode. To place an unsigned integer value on the stack,

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

56 of 159

glLoadName (ID); //The top of the stack can be replaced using

glPopName ( ); // To eliminate the top of the ID stack,

A pick window within a selected viewport is defined using the following GLU function:

gluPickMatrix (xPick, yPick, widthPick, heightPick, vpArray);

Parameter vpArray designates an integer array containing the coordinate position and size parameters for the current viewport.

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

57 of 159

OpenGL Menu Functions

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

58 of 159

Creating and Managing Multiple� GLUT Menus

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

59 of 159

Creating GLUT Submenus

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

60 of 159

Modifying GLUT Menus

To change the mouse button that is used to select a menu option

first cancel the current button attachment and then attach the new button.

A button attachment is cancelled for the current menu with : glutDetachMenu (mouseButton);

where parameter mouseButton is assigned the GLUT constant identifying the button (left, middle, or right) that was previously attached to the menu.

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

61 of 159

After detaching the menu from the button, glutAttachMenu is used to attach it to a different button.

Options within an existing menu can also be changed.

For example, an option in the current menu can be deleted with the function
glutRemoveMenuItem (itemNumber);

where parameter itemNumber is assigned the integer value of the menu option that is to be deleted.

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

62 of 159

Designing a Graphical User Interface

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

63 of 159

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

64 of 159

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

65 of 159

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

66 of 159

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

67 of 159

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

68 of 159

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

69 of 159

Nature of IP

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

70 of 159

Reason for popularity of DIP

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

71 of 159

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

72 of 159

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

73 of 159

Digital Image Representation

1 for black 0 for white color

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

74 of 159

Intersection of two values forms the pixel/point

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

75 of 159

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

76 of 159

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

77 of 159

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

78 of 159

Problem in word

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

79 of 159

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

80 of 159

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

81 of 159

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

82 of 159

Edged operation boundary of the image takes

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

83 of 159

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

84 of 159

Elements of DIP

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

85 of 159

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

86 of 159

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

87 of 159

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

88 of 159

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

89 of 159

Enhancement

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

90 of 159

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

91 of 159

Restoration

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

92 of 159

Restoration example

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

93 of 159

Morphological process

Deals with tool

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

94 of 159

Morphological example

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

95 of 159

Segmentation

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

96 of 159

Rugged is a long way to get successive segmentation

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

97 of 159

Recognition

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

98 of 159

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

99 of 159

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

100 of 159

100

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

101 of 159

101

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

102 of 159

102

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

103 of 159

103

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

104 of 159

104

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

105 of 159

105

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

106 of 159

Types of IP

Natural Images :captured using devices like camera
Synthetic Images : generated using computer. Types of Images are differed based on the attribute, color, dimensions and data types.

106

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

107 of 159

107

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

108 of 159

Binary images:1bit is sufficient to represent pixel value, created from greyscale image, using threshold process, where pixel value is compared with threshold value, if pixel Value >Threshold value, image is considered as 1 else 0
Grey scale: there have so many colors are exists in between white & black color, if there are 8 bits having greyscale then, 256 shades of grey but human can visible 32 shades.

108

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

109 of 159

109

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

110 of 159

110

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

111 of 159

111

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

112 of 159

3 bands includes like 8 bits+8+8

112

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

113 of 159

White color is used for the pseudo color, It is widely used in IP like remote sensing consists of 3-11 bands, this information is beyond the human perception range,

113

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

114 of 159

114

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

115 of 159

115

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

116 of 159

116

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

117 of 159

Negative number representation

117

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

118 of 159

Multi :include Infra-rays or ultrasonic rays

118

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

119 of 159

119

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

120 of 159

120

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

121 of 159

121

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

122 of 159

122

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

123 of 159

123

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

124 of 159

124

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

125 of 159

125

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

126 of 159

126

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

127 of 159

DE’s: Directory entries

127

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

128 of 159

Tiff Architecture

128

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

129 of 159

129

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

130 of 159

130

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

131 of 159

131

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

132 of 159

132

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

133 of 159

133

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

134 of 159

134

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

135 of 159

135

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

136 of 159

136

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

137 of 159

137

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

138 of 159

138

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

139 of 159

139

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

140 of 159

140

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

141 of 159

141

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

142 of 159

142

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

143 of 159

143

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

144 of 159

144

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

145 of 159

145

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

146 of 159

146

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

147 of 159

147

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

148 of 159

148

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

149 of 159

149

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

150 of 159

150

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

151 of 159

151

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

152 of 159

152

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

153 of 159

153

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

154 of 159

154

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

155 of 159

155

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

156 of 159

156

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

157 of 159

157

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

158 of 159

Image sharpening and restoration�Image sharpening and restoration refers here to process images that have been captured from the modern camera to make them a better image or to manipulate those images in way to achieve desired result. It refers to do what Photoshop usually does.This includes Zooming, blurring , sharpening , gray scale to color conversion, detecting edges and vice versa , Image retrieval and Image recognition. The common examples are:

158

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in

159 of 159

159

Sri Krishna Institute of Technology

(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NAAC, Affiliated to VTU, Karnataka)

/skit.org.in