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AP Biology Review

Big Idea 2: Matter and Energy

Mr. Kuhn, Centennial High School, Roswell, GA

Big Thanks to:

David Knuffke

CHS Administration

You

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This review is...

a way for you to get some of your questions addressed.
a way for experienced AP teachers to give you insight into content and process.
a fun way to spend an hour of your weekend!

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This review is not...

a replacement for your teacher. Your teacher is awesome.
a replacement for your own preparation.
a solution to your learning challenges.
perfect.

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Topics for today...

Overwhelmingly the response was about cell respiration and photosynthesis.
I will work in feedback loops and enzymes as well.
I will give you some practice with data to interpret.

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Remember...

Content is great to know, but application of that content is expected too.
Off we go!

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Feedback Loops

“How many feedback loops should we know? Which ones are the really important ones?”

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Feedback Model

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Temperature Regulation

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Blood Sugar Regulation

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Breastfeeding Positive Feedback

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Role of ATP and Phosphorylation

“Where does ATP come from and what can it do?”

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ATP has many roles...

It is a nucleotide
It transfers energy as universal currency within the cell
The last phosphate can be added to other molecules and energy released.

Phosphorylation can change the shape of proteins and enzymes
Phosphorylation can activate molecules
Phosphorylation can keep glucose within the cell
Phosphorylation can propagate signals

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Free Energy Balance

“What is the purpose of knowing whether the reaction yields a positive delta G vs. a negative delta G, in other words, why is this significant as a concept we need to understand?”

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Free Energy Balance - Cell Respiration

Combusting 1 mol of glucose releases 686 kcal of energy. Why?

This numerical value is the difference between the energy absorbed to break bonds and the energy released to form bonds.

2878 kcal = energy needed to break glucose bonds

minus

3564 kcal = energy needed to form CO₂ and H₂O

The difference is -686 kcal

This much energy has been removed from the system.

A “downhill”, spontaneous and exergonic reaction.

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Free Energy Balance - Photosynthesis

Forming 1 mol of glucose adds 686 kcal of energy. Why?

This numerical value is the difference between the energy absorbed to break bonds and the energy released to form bonds.

3564 kcal = energy needed to break bonds of CO₂ and H₂O

minus

2878 kcal = energy released to form glucose bonds

The difference is +686 kcal

This much energy has been added to the system from the sun.

A “uphill”, non-spontaneous and endergonic reaction.

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Cell Respiration

“How in depth do we have to know cellular respiration and photosynthesis?”

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What I focus on...

Inputs and outputs.
The main metaphor or theme of the stage.
How biology fits into these big pathways.
How can we break it and then discuss the effect of breaking it?

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“How many coenzymes (ATP, NADPH, FADH2,NADPH) are produced or used during glycolysis, kreb cycle, ETC, light reactions, and Calvin cycle?”

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Cell Respiration Example

Cellular respiration includes the metabolic pathways of glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain, as represented in the figures. In cellular respiration, carbohydrates and other metabolites are oxidized, and the resulting energy-transfer reactions support the synthesis of ATP.

(a) Using the information above, describe ONE contribution of each of the following in ATP synthesis.

Catabolism of glucose in glycolysis and pyruvate oxidation
Oxidation of intermediates in the Krebs cycle
Formation of a proton gradient by the electron transport chain

Use each of the following observations to justify the claim that glycolysis first occurred in a common ancestor of all living organisms.

Nearly all existing organisms perform glycolysis.
Glycolysis occurs under anaerobic conditions.
Glycolysis occurs only in the cytosol.

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Photosynthesis

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LDR Inputs and Outputs

Photosystem II - Inputs

Photon energy at 680nm
Water (split by photolysis)
Protons (from stroma)
ADP+Pi

Photosystem II - Outputs

ATP (to Calvin cycle)
Oxygen (from photolysis)
Electrons (to PSI)

Photosystem I - Inputs

Photon energy at 700nm
Electrons from PSII
Protons (from stroma)
NADP+

Photosystem I - Outputs

NADPH (to Calvin Cycle)

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Calvin Cycle - Inputs and Outputs

Stage	Input	Output	Output Destination
Fixation	3 Carbon Dioxide 3 RuBP	3 Oxygen 6 Organic Molecules	Diffuses Out of Thylakoid Continue in Calvin Cycle
Reduction	6 ATP (from LDR) 6 NADPH	6 ADP and 6 P_i 6 NADP⁺	Back to LDR Back to LDR
Regeneration	1 PGAL (G3P) 3 ATP	5 PGAL (G3P) 3 ADP and 3 P_i	Continues in Calvin Cycle Back to LDR

Based on the input of 3 carbon dioxide

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Photosynthesis Example

Salinity of soil and irrigation water is a serious problem in agriculture which can lead to severe crop losses. It is also considered an important ecological limiting factor in the freshwater and marine environment. Such changes in the salinity of water often affect the growth, metabolism and photosynthesis of phytoplanktons. Salt might can have a direct effect upon the processes involved in electron transport and/or photophosphorylation and result in a decrease in the overall efficiency of photosynthesis. NaCl treatments were applied to Chlorella vulgaris and tested both oxygen production by photolysis and ATP production by chemiosmosis in photosystem II. It was found that ATP is severely affected by salt stress in Chlorella vulgaris, however NADPH production was not affected.

Which of the product(s) would be limited from the light dependent reactions as salinity increases?
Considering the products of photosystem II of the light dependent reactions, which stage(s) of the Calvin Cycle would be most directly affected by exposure of Chlorella vulgaris to increased salinity?

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Enzyme Reaction Rate Example

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Enzyme Example

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Reference Figures

Cell Respiration Equation: McGraw Hill Publishing copright 2017

Photosynthesis example comes from the November 2009 SL released IB exam

Cell respiration example comes from the released 2015 AP biology free response questions

Enzyme example comes from May 2004 released SL IB exam

Ethanol Fermentation: By David Carmack (Own work) [CC BY-SA 3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons

Lactic Acid Fermentation: By Sjantoni (Own work) [CC BY-SA 3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons

Images of E. coli and mitochondria credited to Dr. David Goodsell, used with permission

Krebs Cycle: By Narayanese, WikiUserPedia, YassineMrabet, TotoBaggins [GFDL (http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html) or CC BY-SA 3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons

Electron Transport Chain: By OpenStax College [CC BY 3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons

Mitochondrial Electron Transport: By Fvasconcellos 22:35, 9 September 2007 (UTC) [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons

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Reference Figures

Photosynthesis Equation: Source: Boundless. "Main Structures and Summary of Photosynthesis." Boundless Biology Boundless, 26 May. 2016. Retrieved 14 Apr. 2017 from

Light Dependent Reactions: By Tameeria at English Wikipedia [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons

Calvin Cycle: By Mike Jones User: Adenosine (Own work by the original uploader) [CC BY-SA 2.5 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5)], via Wikimedia Commons

Images of glycolysis, cell respiration and photosynthesis are copyright of Pearson Education unless noted.