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Animas Unit – Packet 1.2 Driving Question

Driving Question: How do animal cells use food?
What are the cells of animals made from?
How do atoms and molecules relate to cells and bodies?
How do cells use the matter & energy in the food we consume?

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Part 1 Recap

What claims can we make based on the data above?
Why do different athletes need different diets?

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Discussion Question

What are animals made from?
What makes a living animal different from non-living things?
Discuss within your small groups.
Be prepared to defend your ideas with evidence and reasoning.

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Zooming Into Cells

If we could decrease in size, animals start to look very different:

At one meter (about 3 feet), animals would still look the same.
At a millimeter (1/1000 of a meter), we’d see animal tissues are made from tiny 'bubbles' filled with water & protein.
At 0.000005 meters (1/20th of a mm), we'd be the same size as one of these ‘bubbles’.

A meter is roughly 3 feet.

At one millimeter, we would see that all animal tissue is made of tiny ‘bubbles’.

At about 1/20^th of a millimeter, we would be the size of one a bubble.

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Zooming Into Cells

At 0.00000001 meters (1/100,000th of a mm), we would see these ‘bubbles’ are made from large molecules.

Each of these large molecules is composed of individual atoms.

We would also see that each bubble contains structures on the inside.

Each structure is also made from molecules (connected atoms).

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Cells

All living organisms (animals, plants, fungi, �bacteria, etc.) are comprised of cells.

Like all matter (solids, liquids, and gases), cells are �made from atoms that bond to form molecules.
A cell is the smallest thing that can be alive.
A cell consists of a fatty membrane surrounding �protein structures & watery fluid. �

The number of cells in each living organism varies.

While most animals are comprised of trillions of �cells, some organisms have only one cell.

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Cells as seen under a microscope.

Bacteria are single-celled – they only have one cell.

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While a human body has 50 trillion cells, a blue whale’s body has 100 quadrillion cells.

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Cells

Animal cells are primarily made from two kinds of molecules – protein and fat.

The membranes of cells (the outer covering) are mostly made from fatty molecules.
The structures inside cells are primarily made from proteins. �

Cells also use molecules called carbohydrates to obtain the chemical energy they need to function.

Carbohydrates contain large amounts of �high-energy bonds (C-C and C-H bonds).
They provide the cell with a source of �chemical energy needed to function.

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Cell membranes are made from fatty molecules.

Glucose is a carbohydrate�with lots of high energy bonds.

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Macromolecules

The fats, proteins, and carbohydrates found in cells are all examples of macromolecules.

A macromolecule is a long chain of individual molecules bonded together.
A macromolecule is a molecule made from molecules. �

Fats, proteins, and carbohydrates are each made from different kinds of individual molecules.

Fats are made from long chains of fatty acid molecules.
Proteins are made from long chains of amino acid molecules.
Carbohydrates are made from long chains of glucose molecules.

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A carbohydrate is a macromolecule made from chains of glucose molecules.

Glucose

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Macromolecules

Amino acid molecules combine to form proteins.

Amino Acid

Fatty Acid

Protein

Fat

Carbohydrate

Fatty acid molecules combine to form fats.

Glucose molecules combine to form carbohydrates

Glucose

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Roles of Macromolecules

Fats, proteins, and carbohydrates each provide a different function for the cells of living organisms.

Each macromolecule type is necessary for a cell to function.�

Fats are used to form the membranes of cells.

Fatty molecules form barriers to protect the insides of cells.
Fats also provide long-term storage of chemical energy. �

Proteins are the functional parts of cells and do most of the work of the cell.

Proteins are like tiny molecular machines. �

Carbohydrates provide a quick source of chemical energy to power cellular functions.

Carbohydrates have large amounts of high energy bonds.

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Proteins are molecular machines that do the work of the cell.

Fats form the membranes that protect cells. Fats store chemical energy

Carbohydrates provide the main source of chemical energy for the cell to power cell activity.

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Cells & Organelles

Animal cells contain structures called organelles.

An organelle is a specialized structure within a cell that has a specific job needed for the cell to function.

Most organelles have their own fatty membranes and functional proteins.

Organelles often function like a ‘cell within a cell’

Key organelles in animal cells include…

The mitochondria, which transforms the chemical energy from food into forms the cell can use.
The nucleus, which stores information needed for assembling proteins that do the work of the cell.
The ribosomes, which assemble proteins from amino acid molecules found in food.

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The nucleus of each cell in this image can be seen as a dark spot. The smaller spots in each cell are other organelles like the mitochondria and ribosomes.

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Cells & Organelles

Mitochondria - transforms chemical energy into forms the cell can use (ATP).
Nucleus – stores instructions for assembling proteins (DNA).
Cell Membrane – fatty layer that protects the cell’s interior.
Ribosomes – assembles the cell’s proteins.
Cytoplasm – the watery “jelly filling” of the cell.

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Ribosome

Nucleus

Mitochondria

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Membrane

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Cells, Tissues, Organs, and Systems

The cells of animals are organized at different levels.

A group of similar cells form a tissue (such as muscle, nerves, etc.).
Interacting tissues form organs, or bodily structures that perform a particular function (such as your stomach).
Different organs with a similar function form a system (e.g., digestive tract)
A collection of systems comprises an individual organism (e.g., you).

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Tissues

Cells

Organs

Systems

Organism

Organelle

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The Four Levels

In this class, we will investigate biological phenomena at four different levels.

Atomic-molecular: how atoms are rearranged to form new molecules, and how energy is transformed from one kind to another.
Cellular: the processes that occur within cells to move matter and transform energy.
Organismal: how individual animals, plants, fungi, and bacteria function, survive, and reproduce.
Ecosystem-planetary: how living organisms interact with non-living resources, causing changes across large areas of the planet.

Biological processes have impacts at all 4 levels!

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Animals Unit – Packet 1.2 Driving Question

Are we better able to answer these questions with this new info?
Driving Question: How do animal cells use food?
What are the cells of animals made from?
How do atoms and molecules relate to cells and bodies?
How do cells use the matter & energy in the food we consume?

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Looking Ahead: �Part 3 Investigation

In Part 3 you will investigate how the food we consume is similar to what our cells are made from.
You will also observe animal cells under a microscope and connect your observations with the core ideas from this packet.

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Key Points

All living organisms (animals, plants, fungi, bacteria, etc.) are comprised of cells.

A cell consists of a fatty membrane surrounding protein structures & fluid.
A cell is the smallest thing that can be alive.

Animal cells are primarily made from two key ingredients – protein and fat.

The membranes of cells are made from fat. The structures inside of cells are mostly made from proteins.
Cells also use carbohydrates as a source of chemical energy.

The fats, proteins, and carbohydrates found in cells are all examples of macromolecules.

A macromolecule is a long chain of individual molecules bonded together.

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Key Points

Fats, proteins, and carbohydrates are made from different molecules.

Fats are made from long chains of fatty acid molecules.
Proteins are made from long chains of amino acid molecules.
Carbohydrates are made from long chains of glucose molecules.

An organelle is a specialized structure within a cell with a specific job.

Most organelles have their own fatty membranes and functional proteins.
Examples of organelles include: Mitochondria (cell energy); Nucleus (stores DNA); Membrane (protection); Ribosomes (assembles proteins).

Organism are comprised of systems, organs, tissues, and cells.

A group of similar cells form tissues. Different tissues form organs. Organs with similar functions form systems. Systems comprise an organism.

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Key Vocab

A cell consists of a fatty membrane surrounding protein structures & fluid.
The membranes of cells are the outer coverings that are mostly made from fatty molecules.
A macromolecule is a long chain of individual molecules bonded together.
Fats make up the membranes of cells and can store energy; fats are made from long chains of fatty acid molecules.
Proteins are the functional parts of cells and are made from long chains of amino acid molecules.
Carbohydrates provide chemical energy and are made from long chains of glucose molecules.
An organelle is a specialized structure in cells with a specific job needed for cellular function.
Tissue: group of similar cells.
Organ: collection of different tissues with a similar function.
System: different organs that perform similar functions.