“Necessity Is the Mother of Invention”

“Necessity Is the Mother of Invention”

“Necessity Is the Mother of Invention”

“Necessity Is the Mother of Invention”

• The process of inventing never ends

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• One invention inevitably leads to improvements upon it and to more inventions

The Textile Industry

Textiles – cloths or fabrics

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First industry to be industrialized

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Great Britain learned a lot about textiles from India and China

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The Birth and Growth of the Textile Industry

The Birth and Growth of the Textile Industry

Development of Steam Engines

• Early water power involved mills built over fast-moving streams and rivers

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• Early water power had problems

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• Not enough rivers to provide the power needed to meet growing demand
• Rivers and streams might be far removed from raw materials, workers, and markets
• Rivers are prone to flooding and drying

Steam Power

• Humans tried harnessing steam power for millenniums
• Hero of Alexandria, Egypt – created a steam-driven device in the 1^st century B.C.E.
• Thomas Newcomen, England (1704)
• Created a steam engine to pump water from mines
• James Watt, Scotland (1769)
• Improved Newcomen’s engine to power machinery

Steam Engines

• By 1800, steam engines were replacing water wheels as sources of power for factories
• Factories relocated near raw materials, workers, and ports
• Cities grew around the factories built near central England’s coal and iron mines
• Manchester, Liverpool

Transportation Revolution

• Invention of the Steamboat
• Robert Fulton was the inventor in 1807
• The Clermont traveled up the Hudson River
• Started the canal building process
• By 1840 there were more than 3300 miles of canals in the US

Steamboats

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• Robert Fulton invented the steamboat in 1807
• The Clermont operated the first regular steamboat route, running between Albany and New York City
• 1819 – the Savannah used a steam engine as auxiliary power for the first time when it sailed across the Atlantic Ocean
• 1836 – John Ericsson invented a screw propeller to replace paddle wheels
• 1838 – the Great Western first ship to sail across the Atlantic on steam power alone, completing the trip in 15 days

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Transportation Revolution

• Construction of the Erie Canal
• Connected the Hudson River with Lake Erie at Buffalo, New York
• Rivers were a faster and more economical means of transporting goods
• Great social and economic changes for the Northern States

Roads

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• Strong, hard roads invented by Thomas Telford and John McAdam

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• Improvement over dirt and gravel roads

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• Macadamized roads have a smooth, hard surface that supports heavy loads without requiring a thick roadbed

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• Modern roads are macadamized roads, with tar added to limit the creation of dust

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National Road

• The first major east-west highway
• Started in 1811 from Cumberland, MD to Wheeling, VA
• The only federally funded project of its time
• Most were usually built by the States and private business (toll roads)

Coal and Iron

• Vast amounts of fuel were required to smelt iron ore to burn out impurities
• Abraham Darby (1709)
• Discovered that heating coal turned it into more efficient coke
• John Smeaton (1760)
• Smelted iron by using water-powered air pumps to create steam blasts
• Henry Cort (1783)
• Developed the puddling process which purified and strengthened molten iron

Increases in Coal and Iron Production, 1770-1800

• Coal production doubled
• 6 million to 12 million tons

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• Pig iron production increased 250%
• 1800 – 130,000 tons

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• Great Britain produced as much coal and iron as every other country combined

Casting Pig Iron Smelting�Chicago, 1890-1901

Bessemer Process and Steel

• Prior to the Industrial Revolution, steel was difficult to produce and expensive
• Henry Bessemer, 1856
• Developed the Bessemer process
• Brought on the “Age of Steel”
• Steel is the most important metal used over the

past 150+ years

• Other improvements in steel production
• Open-hearth furnace
• Electric furnace
• Use of other metals to produce various types of

steel

Railroads

• 1830 – Stephenson’s “Rocket” train traveled the 40 miles between Liverpool and Manchester in 1 ½ hours

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• 1830-1870 – railroad tracks went from 49 miles to over 15,000 miles

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• Steel rails replaced iron rails

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• 1869 – Westinghouse’s air brake made train travel safer

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• Greater train traveling comfort – heavier

train cars, improved road beds, and sleeping cars

Railroads�

• The “Iron Horse”
• Developed by Peter Cooper, that were largely based on those built in Britain
• It was called the Tom Thumb
• Pulled the first passengers at an average of 10 mph
• Many advantages over the steamboat
• Could travel anywhere track could be laid
• Much faster than horse and wagon

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Communications Revolution

Transportation

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Before the Industrial Revolution

• Canal barges pulled by mules
• Ships powered by sails
• Horse-drawn wagons, carts, and carriages

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After the Industrial Revolution

• Trains
• Steamships
• Trolleys
• Automobiles

Transportation Revolution

Printing Revolution

• Printing – 1800-1830
• Iron printing press
• Steam-driven press
• Rotary press – 1870
• Invented by Richard Hoe
• Printed both sides of a page at once
• Linotype machine – 1884
• Invented by Ottmar Mergenthaler
• A machine operator could create a “line of type” all at one go, rather than having to individually set each letter
• Newspapers became much cheaper to produce
• Cost of a newspaper plummeted
• Number of newspapers increased

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Review Questions

• What was the Industrial Revolution?

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• Describe at least three developments of the Industrial Revolution.

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• Compare and contrast the domestic and factory methods of production.

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• Explain why one invention or development leads to another.

Review Questions

• Explain how developments in the textile industry sparked the Industrial Revolution.

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• Describe at least three developments in the area of transportation.

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The Agricultural Revolution

The Agricultural Revolution

• Agricultural methods had not changed much since the Middle Ages

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• Tools – hoe, sickle, wooden plow

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• Three-field system – farmers left 1/3 of the land fallow each year to restore fertility to the soil

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• Open-field system – unfenced farms with few improvements made to the land

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• No significant surplus – only enough food was made to feed the population

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Agriculture and Industry

• The Industrial Revolution brought machinery to farms

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• The use of farm machinery meant that fewer farm workers were needed

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• Displaced farm workers moved to the cities to find work in factories
• This is called rural-to-urban migration

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• Growing populations in urban cities required farmers to grow more crops
• Food to eat
• Raw materials (like cotton) for textile factories

Agricultural Innovators

Agricultural Machinery

Agricultural Science

• Agriculture became a science during the Agricultural Revolution

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• Farmers and governments invested in agricultural research
• Established agricultural schools, societies, and experimental stations

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• Progress in agriculture
• Pesticides, stock breeding, new foods, food preservation, new farming techniques and irrigation methods, frozen foods

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• Today, in the industrialized world, much more food is grown by far fewer farmers than was grown 200 years ago (or is grown today in the non-industrialized world)

The Second Industrial Revolution

The First and Second Industrial Revolutions

• The first, or old, Industrial Revolution took place between about 1750 and 1870
• Took place in England, the United States, Belgium, and France
• Saw fundamental changes in agriculture, the development of factories, and rural-to-urban migration

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• The second Industrial Revolution took place between about 1870 and 1960
• Saw the spread of the Industrial Revolution to places such as Germany, Japan, and Russia
• Electricity became the primary source of power for factories, farms, and homes

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• Mass production, particularly of consumer goods
• Use of electrical power saw electronics enter the marketplace (electric lights, radios, fans, television sets)

The Spread of the Industrial Revolution

• Mid-1800s – Great Britain, the world leader in the Industrial Revolution, attempted to ban the export of its methods and technologies, but this soon failed

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• 1812 – United States industrialized after the War of 1812

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• After 1825 – France joined the Industrial Revolution following the French Revolution and Napoleonic wars

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• Circa 1870 – Germany industrialized at a rapid pace, while Belgium, Holland, Italy, Sweden, and Switzerland were slower to industrialize

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• By 1890 – Russia and Japan began to industrialize

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Transportation

Railroads

• Industrialized nations first laid track in their own countries, then in their colonies and other areas under their political influence
• Russia – Trans-Siberian railroad (1891-1905)
• Germany – Berlin-to-Baghdad railroad across Europe to the Middle East
• Great Britain – Cape-to-Cairo railroad vertically across Africa

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Canals

• Suez Canal (1869) – provided access to the Indian Ocean from the Mediterranean Sea without the need to sail around Africa
• Kiel Canal (1896) – North Sea connected to the Baltic Sea
• Panama Canal (1914) – provided access from one side of the Americas to the other without the need to sail around the tip of South America

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Transportation

Automobiles

• Charles Goodyear – vulcanized rubber, 1839
• Gottlieb Daimler – gasoline engine, 1885
• Henry Ford – assembly line, 1908-1915

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Airplanes

• Orville and Wilbur Wright – airplane, 1903
• Charles Lindbergh – first non-stop flight across the Atlantic, 1927
• 20^th-century – growth of commercial aviation

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Review Questions

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• When did the United States begin to industrialize?

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• Explain how trains and canals aided transportation, citing at least one example for each.

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• What contributions did Charles Goodyear, Gottlieb Daimler, and Henry Ford make to automobile production?

Results of the Industrial Revolution

Industrial Revolution

• Manufacturing shifted from that of hand tools to large machines

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• Factories replaced home based workshops

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• Manufactures sold products nationwide and overseas

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• IR had originally started in Britain in the 1700s