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Unit 1: The Cell and Cell Processes

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Monday 8/21��BW: What comes to mind when you hear the words life science? Please write at least two sentences.

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Genesis 1:20 – 2:4

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Tuesday 8/22

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BW: Do you think what we read in Genesis yesterday is compatible with science? Why or why not?

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Wednesday 8/23

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BW: What are cells? What do you know about cells?

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Key Ideas

  • All living things are made up of CELLS, which are the basic unit of LIFE.

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  • Living things do not CONTAIN cells, but are rather literally COMPOSED of cells

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Cell Theory

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4OpBylwH9DU

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Cell Theory Timeline

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Cell Theory

  1. All LIVING things are composed of CELLS.
  2. All existing cells are produced from PREEXISTING CELLS.
  3. The cell is the MOST BASIC UNIT of LIFE.

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Cell Theory Applies to ALL Living Things

  • The cell theory holds true for ALL living things, no matter how BIG or SMALL.
  • Since cells are common to all living things, they can provide information about the functions that living things perform.

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How big is a cell?

https://www.cellsalive.com/howbig_js.htm

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Thursday 8/24

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BW: What are the three principles of cell theory?

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There Are Two Types of Cells: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RQ-SMCmWB1s

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Presentation Title

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Archaea

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Friday 8/25

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BW: Name some differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

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Draw a simple picture of both a prokaryotic cell and a eukaryotic cell. Do you notice any similarities?

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Monday 8/28

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BW: What four things do both prokaryotes and eukaryotes have?

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Tuesday 8/29

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BW: Describe what endosymbiotic theory is without using your notes

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Endosymbiotic Theory

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FGnS-Xk0ZqU

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What are the benefits of endosymbiosis?��List two pieces of evidence to support it

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Endosymbiosis: Benefits and Evidence

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Benefits of Endosymbiosis

Evidence that Supports it

  • Mutualism Relationship 🡪 Both organisms get something positive
  • Specialization leads to more efficiency!
  • Mitochondria/Chloroplast have their own membrane, same size as prokaryotes, own DNA
  • Emergence of complex, multicellular life

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Unicellular vs. Multicellular Organisms

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Presentation Title

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Unicellular vs. Multicellular Organisms

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Unicellular Organisms

(can be Eukaryotic or Prokaryotic)

Multicellular Organisms

(always Eukaryotic)

  • Must do all the work on their own
  • Reproduction leads to a new, separate organism
  • If it dies, the whole organism dies
  • Work together with specialized functions (bone cells vs. lung cells vs. digestion cells, etc.)
  • Reproduction just leads to new cells within the same organism
  • If it dies, the organism continues to live since there are many other cells

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Thursday 8/31

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BW: What are the benefits of being a multicellular organism? Name two

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Immune Cells: The Cellf-Sacrificial Cell

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Flashcard Creation

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Tuesday 9/5��BW: What four things do prokaryotes and eukaryotes have in common?��

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Cell Parts and Functions

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Cells with different functions have different cell parts, but ALL cells, even a simple bacterial cell, have four parts in common:�

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Cell Membrane

  • All cells are surrounded by a FLEXIBLE cell membrane.
  • The cell membrane is a protective structure that encloses a cell and functions to control what ENTERS and EXITS the cell.

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DNA

  • DNA is a substance that makes up the INSTRUCTIONS for building the cell’s COMPONENTS and for carrying out its life PROCESSES
  • The thousands of substances and structures made within a cell are built according to specific instructions in the DNA.

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Ribosomes and Proteins

  • Ribosomes are small cell structures that make PROTEINS by following the instructions in DNA.
  • A protein is a substance that makes up much of an organism’s STRUCTURE.

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Cytoplasm

  • All cells also contain cytoplasm, a gel-like substance that FILLS THE INSIDE OF a cell.
  • Most of the cell’s FUNCTIONS take place in the cytoplasm
    • For example, the RIBOSOMES make proteins in the cytoplasm.
    • In a bacterial cell, the DNA is found in the cytoplasm.

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A cell membrane, cytoplasm, DNA, and ribosomes are essential for ALL living things, and so they are found in ALL living cells.

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Wednesday 9/6

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BW: What is the function of the cell membrane?

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Let’s Explore the Eukaryotic Cell! Please follow along in the worksheet

https://www.youtube.com/watch/8IlzKri08kk

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Thursday 9/7

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BW: What are organelles?

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The Specialized Parts of Cells

  • ORGANELLES are specialized structures within a cell
  • They are surrounded by their own membrane, also called being MEMBRANE-BOUND
  • Many organelles are found in the cell’s CYTOPLASM

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Cell Membrane

  • All cells are surrounded by a FLEXIBLE cell membrane.
  • The cell membrane is a protective structure that encloses a cell and functions to control what ENTERS and EXITS the cell.

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Nucleus

  • The nucleus is in the middle of the cell
  • It contains the cell’s DNA, which provides instruction for building the cell’s components and for carrying out its life processes
  • The NUCLEOULUS is contained within the nucleus and is responsible for the creation of ribosomes
  • The NUCLEAR ENVELOPE is the membrane that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm

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Organelles in the Cytoplasm

  • As you leave the nucleus, you find yourself in the cytoplasm, the region between the cell membrane and the nucleus
  • It is a thick, gel-like fluid. The fluid in the cytoplasm is constantly moving
  • Many cell organelles are found in the cytoplasm

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Cytoskeleton

  • The CYTOSKELETON is a network of protein filaments that gives shape and support to cells
  • The cytoskeleton is also involved in CELL DIVISION and MOVEMENT

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Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

  • The ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER) is a maze of passageways attached to the nucleus.
  • The ER functions as the transportation system of the cell
  • Its passageways carry proteins and other materials from one part of the cell to another.

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Friday 9/8��BW: What is the endoplasmic reticulum? Where is it located in the cell?

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Golgi Apparatus

  • From the endoplasmic reticulum, proteins head to the GOLGI APPARATUS, which can be thought of as the cell’s MAIL ROOM.
  • The Golgi Apparatus receives proteins and other newly formed materials from the ER, package them, and distribute them to other parts of the cell

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Mitochondria

  • Mitochondria are known as the “powerhouses” of the cell because they convert energy from food molecules into energy the cell can use to carry out its functions.

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Ribosomes

  • Free in the cytoplasm OR attached to the surface of the ER are RIBOSOMES, which function as the producers of proteins
  • Produced proteins next head to the Golgi Apparatus

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Vacuoles

  • Vacuoles are the STORAGE AREAS of cells
  • Vacuoles store food and other materials needed by the cell
  • Vacuoles can also store waste products for removal

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Lysosomes

  • LYSOSOMES are small, round structures containing chemicals that break down certain materials in the cell
  • Lysosomes also break down old cell parts and release the substances so they can be used again
  • Lysosomes are like the cell’s CLEANUP AND RECYCLING CREW

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Vesicles

  • VESICLES are small, MEMBRANE-ENCLOSED transport devices that move proteins and other materials throughout the cell
  • Most vesicles are MADE IN THE GOLGI when the proteins are “packaged”

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Monday 9/11��BW: What is the golgi apparatus? What is an analogy you could use to describe it?

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Cell as a Factory WS

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Cell As a Factory Illustrations

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Tuesday 9/12��BW: Come up with your own analogy for the nucleus. Keep in mind its location/function.

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Plant vs. Animal Cells

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Chloroplasts

  • A CHLOROPLAST is an organelle that uses the sun’s energy to make sugar through the process of photosynthesis
  • Chloroplasts are what make leaves green

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Central Vacuole

  • Plant cells have one large, CENTRAL VACUOLE, which is much bigger than the vacuoles found in animal cells. Like vacuoles in animal cells, the central vacuole stores and gets ride of waste.

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Cell Wall

  • A plant cell is surrounded by a CELL WALL, a protective outer covering that lies just outside the cell membrane. A cell wall helps the cell keep a rigid shape

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The cell wall will allow/prevent water to enter the cell by a process called osmosis. Then, the central vacuole will store or release this water to maintain homeostasis within the cell

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Wednesday 9/13

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BW: What three organelles do plant cells have that animal cells do not? Describe one in detail.

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Do Plant Cells Have Lysosomes?

  • Lysosomes are responsible for breaking down waste and old cell parts to maintain a healthy cell
  • Plant cells CAN have lysosomes, but it is rather uncommon
  • Cell walls typically fulfill the function of lysosomes by excreting waste and preventing foreign substances from entering the cell

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Organelle Matching WS

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Thursday 9/14

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BW: How do the central vacuole and cell wall work together to keep plant stems upright?

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Observe plant and animal cells

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Membrane Transport

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Monday 9/18

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BW: Where is the cell membrane located. What is its function?

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Cell Membrane

  • All cells are surrounded by a FLEXIBLE cell membrane.
  • The cell membrane is a protective structure that encloses a cell and functions to control what ENTERS and EXITS the cell.

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Why do cells need to control what enters/exits their body?

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Why do cells need membrane transport?

  1. A cell must protect itself from the outside (extracellular) environment
  2. A cell must regulate the concentrations of substances inside it to maintain homeostasis
  3. A cell must get rid of waste

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Presentation Title

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The plasma membrane has SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY, meaning it allows only substances meeting certain criteria to pass through it unaided.��Other, LARGER substances require the cell to actively “open its gates” to let them through

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There are two main types of membrane transport: ACTIVE and PASSIVE

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Passive Transport

  • The main type of passive transport is called DIFFUSION, which does not require ENERGY
  • Diffusion: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3iLYS2RdYvo

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Diffusion: “Go with the flow”

  • When the concentration is higher on one side, the substance will move toward the lower concentration until an equilibrium is reached
  • I.e. substances move from HIGH concentrations to LOW concentrations

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Simple Diffusion

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Facilitated Diffusion – Requires Protein Channel

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Passive Transport Recap:�https://www.youtu0000000000000000000000000000000be.com/watch?v=MS5igwkWKe8

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Tuesday 9/19

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BW: What would happen if the cell needed to go against the concentration gradient to remove or obtain a substance?

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Active Transport: “I need to get out of the flow…”

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Two Reasons for Active Transport

  1. It takes energy for a cell to move a substance to the side of the membrane where the substance is already in high concentration (low 🡪 high)
  2. It also takes energy to move particles that are very large or a lot of particles at once across the membrane

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Wednesday 9/20

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BW: What is the difference between simple and facilitated diffusion?

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Active Transport with a Protein Channel

  • A membrane can move substances against their concentration gradient if there is a TRANSPORTER PROTEIN in the membrane to help.

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Active Transport via Endocytosis and Exocytosis

  • Another way a cell membrane can transport large molecules or in bulk is through the membrane folding in on itself, creating VACUOLE
  • In ENDOCYTOSIS, substances are brought INTO the cell by the membrane pinching around a substance to form a vacuole
  • In EXOCYTOSIS, substances EXIT the cell by the vacuole fusing with the membrane and releasing its contents to the environment

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Active Transport Recap�https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ptmlvtei8hw&t=231s

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Thursday 9/21

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BW: What is the golgi apparatus responsible for? What is it in the factory example?

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Osmosis: The Diffusion of Water

  • Osmosis: The process by which water moves across cell membranes by simple diffusion
  • Osmosis is a form of passive transport because water moves “with” its flow (moving from an area of high water to low water)

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If most of the cytoplasm is water already (80%), how could there be low concentrations of water vs. high concentrations of water?

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Even though the cytoplasm is about 80% water, the concept of water concentration is relative—it depends on how much solute (like salts, proteins, sugars) is dissolved in the water.

💧 Water Concentration vs. Solute Concentration

  • High water concentration = Low solute concentration�
  • Low water concentration = High solute concentration�

You can't "see" water concentration directly in a cell, because water is everywhere in the cytoplasm. But what drives water movement (like during osmosis) is the difference in solute concentration, which indirectly reflects the effective water concentration.

🧪 Osmosis Example

Imagine two solutions:

  • Solution A: 99% water, 1% salt�
  • Solution B: 95% water, 5% salt�
  • Water will move from A to B, because:
  • A has a higher water concentration (less solute)
  • B has a lower water concentration (more solute)�

Even though both are mostly water, the relative difference is enough to drive osmosis.

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🧬 In Cells

Cells regulate water movement carefully:

  • If the outside of a cell has more solutes than the inside (hypertonic), water leaves the cell → shrinks�
  • If the outside has fewer solutes (hypotonic), water enters → swells�

Again, all due to relative solute (and thus water) concentrations.

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✅ Summary

  • Yes, cytoplasm is ~80% water�
  • But water concentration is about how much solute is present�
  • Water moves from areas of low solute (high water) to high solute (low water)�
  • So, you can still have "low vs. high" water concentrations, relatively speaking

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Salt Water vs. Fresh Water

Which has a higher concentration of “water”? Why?

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What determines whether the concentration of water is high or low?��Concentration is NOT the TOTAL AMOUNT OF WATER, but rather refers to what % of the solution is water vs. other substances

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Solvent vs. Solute

  • SOLUTE: a substance dissolved in another substance
  • SOLVENT: a liquid that dissolves the solute
    • In Biology, WATER is the most common solvent
  • A solute and a solvent together make up a SOLUTION
  • Solution Examples: Salt and Water, Vinegar and Baking Soda

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Friday 9/22

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BW: Describe what a solute, solvent, and solution are? How can you have a low concentration of water?

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Osmosis Key Idea

  • Water moves from areas of LOW SOLUTE (essentially pure water) to HIGH SOLUTE (water dissolved with other substances like salt)
  • In doing so, water moves WITH its flow from high concentration to low concentration

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Example Problems: Predict the flow of water!

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Monday 9/25

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BW: What are the three possible situations for osmosis in a cell and what would happen in each?

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Three Possibilities of Osmosis

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Final Problem

Remember, diffusion requires UNEQUAL concentrations to create a FLOW. If the concentrations are EQUAL (at EQUILIBRIUM), there is no flow either way

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Isotonic: that means it has the same concentration of water as the cell and water will flow in and out equally of the cell (resulting in a normal cell).

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Hypotonic: that means it has a higher concentration of water than in the cell and water will flow into the cell (resulting in a swollen cell).

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Hypertonic: that means it has a lower concentration of water than in the cell and water will flow out of the cell (resulting in a shrunken, or crenated, cell).

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Osmosis Recap

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Naked Egg Experiment!

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Tuesday 9/26��BW: Using the diagram below, fill in the missing percentages, draw an arrow of water flow, and identify the beaker solution as hypotonic, hypertonic, or isotonic

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Wednesday 9/27

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BW: What are hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic solutions? What happens when a red blood cell is placed in each?

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Thursday 9/29��

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