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OSHDigit

Competent university teachers for digital learning in OSH

University of Minho

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Content�

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III - Attributes that make a good INDICATOR

Content	Learning Objectives
I- Human-machine Interface	Discuss the importance of a well designed Human-machine interface
II- Scientific Framework	Argue the contribution of the broad scientific framework to the design of Interfaces
III- Interface	Define Interface Elaborate on the diferente man-machine relationships
IV - Attributes That Make A Good INDICATOR	Classify atributes
V - Types Of Indicators	List the types of indicators
VI- Indicator Selection	Select an indicator according to a specific need
VII – Signal Detection	Identify strategies to improve signal detection

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I- Human-Machine Interface�

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Ice-breacker

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II – Scientific framework

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Demands

Human Capabilities

Info Processing

Cognitive Perceptual-Motor

Physiological

Anatomical

Machine

Tasks

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Science

Technology

Anthropometry

Physiology

Biomechanics

Psychology

Motricity

Ergonomics

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It studies the functioning of living beings with regard to their SPECIALIZATION and ADAPTATION to a given environment.

MULTIDISCIPLINARY Scientific field

Physiology

Ergonomics

Biomechanics

ANTHROPOMETRY

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It studies the relationship between HUMAN and WORK (the environment that surrounds) in order to improve the PSYCHOPHYSICAL conditions in which an activity is performed.

MULTIDISCIPLINARY Scientific field

Physiology

Ergonomics

Biomechanics

ANTHROPOMETRY

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It studies the factors that influence and control the HUMAN MOVEMENT, through the application of MECHANICAL principles to the human body.

MULTIDISCIPLINARY Scientific field

Physiology

Ergonomics

Biomechanics

ANTHROPOMETRY

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III- INTERFACE

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Concept

Neologism used to denote the set of various devices through which Human-Machine Interaction (HMI) can be processed.

The way the interface is designed and built will greatly condition the ease with which the operator or user of the system will learn to use it in a SAFE, EFFECTIVE and COMFORTABLE way.

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HMI OCCURS IN 2 DIRECTIONS:

HMI

Machine

User

The machine communicates to user indications about working condition, safety warnings, can use various types of device, generally referred to as indicators.

User

Machine

The machine communicates to user indications about working condition, safety warnings, can use various types of device, generally referred to as indicators.

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Find the error (ILL-defined Interface)

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IV - Attributes that make a good INDICATOR

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QUALITIES OF GOOD INDICATORS:

CONSPICUITY - Being easily detectable.

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QUALITIES OF GOOD INDICATORS:

Indicate clearly the message (UNEQUIVOCALITY)

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V - TYPES OF INDICATORS

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TYPES OF INDICATORS:

Depend on:

SENSORY MODALITY
TYPE OF INFORMATION

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MACHINE → USER COMMUNICATION�

Information provided through the INDICATORS can be dynamic or static:

- Dynamic information changes constantly, or may change, over time.

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Information provided through the INDICATORS can be dynamic or static:

- Static information stays unchanged (at least for relatively long periods).

MACHINE → USER COMMUNICATION

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BASED ON THE CONTENT

Information can be:

quantitative

qualitative

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STATUS-RELATED

Indicating the condition or status of a system, e.g.:

on/off indications,
failure indication,
etc.;

BASED ON THE CONTENT

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BASED ON THE CONTENT

WARNINGS and SIGNALING INFORMATION.

Indicate an emergency or danger situation

Indicate the presence or absence of a given object or condition

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BASED ON THE CONTENT

REPRESENTATIVE INFORMATION.

Pictorial or graphic representation of objects, areas, or other settings.

Some indicators can display dynamic images (such as the TV) or symbolic, such as the cardiac oscilloscope.

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BASED ON THE CONTENT

IDENTIFICATION INFORMATION

Used to identify some conditions, situations or objects that are usually static,

(e.g., hazards, traffic signs, different colors of the pipes).

Information of this type is usually coded.

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BASED ON THE CONTENT

ALPHANUMERIC AND SYMBOLIC INFORMATION

Numerical or coded information.

Information of this kind is usually static but in certain circumstances may be dynamic, such as digital moving display boards.

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BASED ON THE CONTENT

TIME-BASED INFORMATION

Pulsed or time-varying signals whose interpretation is based on their own duration or the intervals between them or the combination of both parameters (e.g., the Morse code).

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VI- INDICATOR SELECTION

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SELECTING A TYPE OF INDICATOR

The type of indicator to be used depends very much on the nature of the information to be presented and the conditions on which it will be placed;

The presentation of information can be visual (using lights or dials or screens of various types), acoustic or tactile.

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SELECTING A TYPE OF INDICATOR

In Safety Critical Systems, it is PARAMOUNT that the operator can clearly detect and interpret the signals provided by the indicator.

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VII - SIGNAL detection

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FACTOR THAT DECREASES SIGNAL DETECTABILITY:��

(ADAPTED FROM VAN COTT AND WARRICK, 1972)

Bulk of signals to detect

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COUNTERMEASURE TO IMPROVE DETECTION IN �Bulk of signals��

(ADAPTED FROM VAN COTT AND WARRICK, 1972)

Redundancy: present the signal simultaneously by visual and auditory modalities.

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Very few signals to detect

(ADAPTED FROM VAN COTT AND WARRICK, 1972)

FACTORS THAT DECREASE SIGNAL DETECTABILITY

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COUNTERMEASURE TO IMPROVE SIGNAL�

Keep the user IN-THE-LOOP: introduce artificial signals to which the user must respond.

(ADAPTED FROM VAN COTT AND WARRICK, 1972)

DETECTABILITY

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This is the only interface available. How do you interpret it?

Mesh loom

This technology is supposed to produce knitted fabrics efficiently and accurately.

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This is the only interface available. How do you interpret it?

Models the speed of the loom

Put the loom to work

Stop the loom

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Comment time…

1. Detects errors

Students comment the importance of human-machine interface.

1. The interface design is decisive in the information transmitted between man and machine, for example, controls (buttons, levers, cranks, among others) and displays. An ergonomically designed interface, incorporated into a man-machine system, is very important, as in addition to reducing the risk of accidents, it provides comfort, decreases anxiety, consequently, and allows for a more immediate response in case of danger. During World War II, several air accidents occurred due to operational errors. From what was found, in general, these accidents occurred due to “pilot failure” when activating a certain lever and others. Therefore, the reading of the controls would favor the actuation of the desired lever or commands. Perhaps for these reasons, after this period of world conflict, a lot of research was developed in this area.

2. Use the Mentimeter to understand which characteristics students find decisive in the context of HMI

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Hands-on activities:

http://oshdigit.dps.uminho.pt/blog/245-lockout-tagout-electrically-powered-equipment/

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Summary:

There are different types of indicators depending on the modality sensory they use, and the type of information conveyed. The division of the “type” is made considering the way that the information is transmitted.

Communication in human-machine way: dynamic or static; qualitative or quantitative.
Depending on the content: Information depending in of the state/conditions; Information of warming and signalization; Representative information; Identifying information; Alphabetic and symbolic information; Information based on timing.