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Types of farming

Subsistence Farming

Primitive Subsistence

Shifting Cultivation

Nomadic Herding

Intensive subsistence

Commercial Farming

Grain farming

Mixed farming

Plantation

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Subsistence Farming

Primary goal is to grow enough food to meet the needs of the farmer's family, with little or no surplus for sale
The focus is on producing crops and raising livestock
Farming is typically small-scale,
Using traditional methods and tools and is often practiced in rural areas.
Key characteristics of subsistence farming include:
Small Land Holdings: Farms are usually small, with limited land available for cultivation.
Diverse Crops: A variety of crops are grown to meet the nutritional needs of the family, often including staple foods like grains, vegetables, and fruits.

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Primitive Subsistence Farming

It is one of the oldest forms of farming, and it is still prevalent in some remote and less developed regions of the world.
Subset of subsistence farming.
Simple Tools and Techniques: The tools used are basic, such as hoes, digging sticks, and wooden plows.
Shifting Cultivation also known as slash-and-burn agriculture.
Low Productivity: Because of the reliance on traditional methods and lack of modern inputs,
Traditional Methods: Farmers rely on traditional tools, techniques, and knowledge passed down through generations.

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Nomadic herding

Nomadic herding, also known as pastoral nomadism, is a form of Primitive subsistence agriculture where people move from one place to another with their livestock in search of fresh pasture and water.
Key Characteristics of Nomadic Herding:

Mobility
Livestock
Pastoral Economy
Simple Shelter
Low Population Density

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Nomadic herding

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Intensive Subsistence Farming

Farmers aim to maximize the yield from a relatively small area of land to support themselves and their families.
Use of Fertilizers:
Irrigation and Water Management
High-Yield Varieties:
Multiple Cropping:
Focus on Food Crops:

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Intensive subsistence

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Difference between:-

Intensive subsistence farming	Primitive subsistence farming
It is practiced in areas of high population pressure on land.	1)It is practiced on a small patch of land.
It is done with the help of fertilizers, insecticides, pesticides, HYV seeds, use of machines and other implements.	2)It is done with the help of primitive tools like hoe, Dao and digging sticks.
3)It is entirely depended on machines.	3)This type of farming is depended on monsoon.
4)The farmers continue to take maximum output from the limited land in the absence of alternative source of livelihood.	4)When the soil fertility decreases the farmers shift and clear a fresh patch of land for cultivation.
	5)The production is only for home consumption.

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Commercial farming

Crops are grown for commercial use only, i.e., for selling purpose only. A large capital, land and large amount of labor is required. Machines are used at a large scale.

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Types of commercial farming

It is of 3 types:-

Commercial Grain Farming - These areas are sparsely populated with farms spread over a large area of land.
Mixed Farming - Land is used for Both, growing crops and rearing livestock.
Plantations - A single crop is grown on huge area of land. The crops are processed for commercial use either in the farm itself or in nearby factories. e.g. Tea, coffee, rubber, cashew.

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Cropping Pattern/Seasons

Kharif crops: sown with the onset of monsoon(June) and harvested in September -October.

ex-rice, maize, moong, cotton, jute etc

Rabi crops:-sown in winter from October to December and harvested in summer(March-April)-ex-wheat, peas, gram, mustard.

states from the north and north-western parts such as Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh are important for the production of wheat and other rabi crops.

Zaid crops:it is a short season during the summer months .ex-watermelon,muskmelon,cucumber.

K-

R-

Z-

Start From Monsoon(June-oct-April)

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RABI CROPS - WHEAT

BARLEY

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Area where rabi crop grown

Mostly is north and north western part of india
Eg. Punjab, haryana, himachal pradesh, J&k,uttranchal and U.P (Wheat and other rabi crop)
Avability of rain because of western temperate cyclone help these crop
Green revolution also helped these crops

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Cotton crop

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Jowar seeds

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Maize and urad

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MAJOR CROPS

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RICE

→ Staple food crop
→ Our country is the second largest producer of rice in the world after China.
→ It is a kharif crop which requires high temperature, (above 25°C) and high humidity with annual rainfall above 100 cm.
→ It is grown in the plains of north and north-eastern India, coastal areas and the deltaic regions.
Also grown in the region where proper irrigation facility available.
E.g. Punjab, Haryana, parts of Rajasthan and western U.P

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Wheat

→ The second most important cereal crop.
→ It is the main food crop, in north and north-western part of the country.
→ This Rabi crop requires a cool growing season(22◦c) with 50 to 75 cm of annual rainfall and a bright sunshine at the time of ripening.
→ Wheat growing regions are the Ganga-Satluj plains in the north- west and black soil region of the Deccan.
Major wheat producer:- Punjab, Haryana,Rajasthan, U.P, Bihar and parts of M.P

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MILLETS

Jowar, bajra and ragi are the important millets grown in India.
→ These have very high nutritional value.

E.g. Ragi – Rich in iron, Calcium, Dietary fiber etc
Produce in dry region and on red, black, sandy, loamy and shallow black soil.

Jowar :- 3^rd most produce crop (Rain fed crop; grown in moist area)
Jowar producing states:- Maharashtra, Karnataka, A.P, M.P

Bajra grown in Sandy and shallow black soil.
producing states :- Maharashtra, Haryana, Rajasthan, U.P and Gujarat

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MAIZE

Maize is used both as food and fodder
It grows well in old alluvial soil
requires a temperature range of 21°-27°C.
Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh are the major maize-producing states.

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PULSES

→ India is the largest producer as well as the consumer of pulses in the world.
→ Major source of protein in a vegetarian diet.
→ These need less moisture and survive even in dry conditions.
→ Major producing states in India are Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Maharashtra and Karnataka.

Being leguminous (family of peas)all the pulses, except arhar help in restoring soil fertility by fixing nitrogen from the air.
So grown in rotation..

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FOOD CROPS OTHER THAN GRAINS

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sugarcane

Sugarcane needs hot and humid climate.
requires temperature range of 21°-27°C and
rainfall of 75 cm to 100 cm.
Can be grown on diff. soil.
Used for sugar, jaggery, khandsari and molasses
India :- second largest producer
Brazil is the number one.
Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Punjab and Haryana are major sugar producing states.

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OILSEEDS

Groundnut, mustard, coconut, sesame(Til), soyabean, castor, cotton seeds, linseed and sunflower are the main oilseeds grown in India.

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Groundnut: Groundnut accounts for about half of the major oilseeds produced in the country.
In 2015 India was the second largest producer of groundnut in the world after china and in rapeseed production India was third largest producer
Andhra Pradesh is the largest producer of groundnut; followed by Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Gujarat and Maharashtra.
Groundnut is a kharif crop.
Linseed(Alsi) and mustard are rabi crops.
Sesame is a kharif crop in north and rabi crop in south.
Castor is grown both as rabi and kharif crops.

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TEA

grow well in tropical and sub-tropical climates; in deep and fertile well drained soil.
The soil should be rich in humus and organic matter.
Require warm and moist frost free climate
Tea is a labour intensive industry(skilled labour).
Assam, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu and Kerala are major tea-producing states.
The hills of Darjeeling are famous for the unique quality of tea produced there.
India is the leading producer of tea in the world.

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Coffee

Coffee is also grown in plantations. Initially, the Arabica variety was brought from Yemen and produced in India. The cultivation of coffee was initially introduced on the Baba Budan Hills.
Coffee requires an average temperature between 20°-27°C.
The most important conditions necessary for a coffee tree to grow is the presence of a temperate or tropical climate where there is no frost, ample sunshine, and plenty of water.

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Horticulture crops:-

In 2015, India was the second largest producer of fruits and vegetables in the world after China.
India produces about 13 per cent of the world’s vegetables.
It is an important producer of pea, cauliflower, onion, cabbage, tomato, brinjal and potato.
India is a producer of tropical as well as temperate fruits.
Mangoes of Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal,
oranges of Nagpur and Cherrapunjee (Meghalaya),
bananas of Kerala, Mizoram, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu,
lichee and guava of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar,
pineapples of Meghalaya,
grapes of Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra,
apples, pears, apricots and walnuts of Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh are in great demand the world over.

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NON FOOD CROPS:-��1.RUBBER

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Rubber

crop of equatorial region but it is also grown tropical and subtropical regions.
needs moist and humid climate with rainfall more than 200 cm.
temperature range above 25°C
mainly grown in Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Andaman & Nicobar islands and also in the Garo hills of Meghalaya.
India is the fifth largest rubber producer

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FIBER CROPS

Major fibre crops are:-

Cotton
Jute
Hemp
Silk (obtain from cocoons)- sericulture

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COTTON

India :- 2^nd largest producer
Cotton grows in dry pats of black cotton soil of the Deccan plateau.
High temperature, light rainfall or irrigation, 210 frost-free days and bright sunshine
The crop requires 6 to 8 months to mature.(It is a kharif crop)
Maharashtra, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh are the main cotton producing states.

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Jute

Golden fibre
jute needs well-drained fertile soils of the flood plains(where soils are renewed every year).
25°-30°C and 70 to 80% Humidity
West Bengal, Bihar, Assam, Orissa and Meghalaya are the major jute producing states.
Uses:-

Making gunny, bags, mat, ropes, yarn, carpets etc

Losing market because of low cost Synthetic fibre like nylon

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Problems faced by Farmer:-

Still depend upon monsoon and natural fertility
Small land holdings
High cost borrowings
Crop failure
Lack of soil testing facilities.
Uneven Distribution of land
farmers are facing a big challenge from international competition and
reduction in the public investment

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Technological and institutional Reforms

Institutional Reforms: Collectivization, consolidation of holdings, cooperation and abolition of zamindari system.

Minimum support price, remunerative and procurement prices for important crops

Technical Reforms/Agri Reforms:

Green Rev-new methods and better production
White Rev-increase in milk production and disribution.
1980s&90s-Comprehensive land development programme was initiated which include both institutional and technical reforms.
Kisan credit cards (KCC) and Personal Accident scheme(PAIS)introduced.

5. special weather bulletins and agricultural programmes for farmers
6. Establishment of Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), agricultural universities, veterinary services and animal breeding centres, horticulture development,

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Bhoodan – Gramdan

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Contribution of agriculture to the national�economy, employment and output

Share of agriculture is declining in GDP
any decline and stagnation in agriculture will lead to a decline in other spheres( More then 44% people are depend on Agriculture)

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Impact of Globalization on Agriculture

Prior to 1757

Before british

1757-1947

During british period

1947-present

After Independence

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IMPORTANT QUESTIONS

Q.1. Briefly Explain the different types of farming.
Q.2 Differentiate between (i) Intensive subsistence and Commercial faming (ii) Intensive subsistence and primitive subsistence farming
Q.3. Briefly describe the cropping pattern/cropping seasons.
Q.4Write the requirement for growth of following Crops with their region of growth (i)Rice (ii) Wheat (iii) Maize (iv) Sugarcane (v) Tea (vi) coffee (vii) Cotton (viii) Jute
Q.5 What are the technological and Institutional reforms taken by the govt. to improve the lives of medium and small farmers.
Q.6 What are the impact of Globalisation on Indian farmers?

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