Standards

1. Historians and archaeologists describe historical events and issues from the perspectives of people living at the time to avoid evaluating the past in terms of today’s norms and values.

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5. Achievements in medicine, science, mathematics and geography by the Islamic civilization dominated most of the Mediterranean after the decline of the Roman Empire. These achievements were introduced into Western Europe as a result of the Muslim conquests, Crusades and trade, influencing the European Renaissance.

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10. European economic and cultural influence dramatically increased through explorations, conquests and colonization.

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12. Maps and other geographic representations can be used to trace the development of human settlement over time.

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13. Geographic factors promote or impede the movement of people, products and ideas.

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14. Trade routes connecting Africa, Europe and Asia fostered the spread of technology and major world religions.

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16. The ability to understand individual and group perspectives is essential to analyzing historic and contemporary issues.

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19. Individuals, governments and businesses must analyze costs and benefits when making economic decisions. A cost- benefit analysis consists of determining the potential costs and benefits of an action and then balancing the costs against the benefits.

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20. The variability in the distribution of productive resources in the various regions of the world contributed to specialization, trade and interdependence.

The Crusades

Overview

Crusades - military expeditions from Europe to Palestine (Holy Land).

Jerusalem is located in Palestine

Area was sacred to Christians, Muslims, and Jews.

Crusades had a lasting impact on European politics and society

Summary of the Crusades

Lesson 1: Geography

Geography - European Christians VS. Middle Eastern Muslims

Battle for the “Holy Land,” Jerusalem

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Factors that led to tough travels to the Holy Land

Traveling from Europe

Sea travel was unreliable

All factors led to thousands of deaths, that happened on the journey to the Holy Land by Christians from Europe

The Terrain was rugged. Most soldiers were peasants who traveled by foot, and Knights traveled by horse

Desert conditions led to harsh travel with limited provisions for survival

Geographic factors that led to changes in culture For Europeans in the Holy Land.

Clothing - Europeans wore heavy wool clothing to help combat against harsh winters, in the Desert they converted and started wearing Asian silk clothing to keep cool.

Diet - Europeans went from eating heavy meats to lighter foods, such as fruits and vegetables due to climate and temperature change.

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Geography Essential Question

Describe two ways in which geographical features impacted the Crusades.

Answer - 1. Due to desert conditions the crusaders changed clothing style wearing more silks than wool

2.Started changing diet to lighter meals such as vegetables and fruits instead of heavy meats

Desert conditions led to thousands of deaths of the crusaders on their journey to the Holy Land

Lesson 2: Government

Government

Christians

• Kingdoms/under Feudal Societies
• Knights and soldiers look to the Church for Guidance
• Nobles and princes wanted to gain Wealth and land in the Middle East. “Wealth+Land=Power”

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Muslims

• At first the Muslims were led by factions with several leaders.
• Eternal disagreements hampered any success early against the Christians.
• Saladin united the factions under one flag which created an army that rivaled the crusaders

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The Pope’s During the Crusades

• Pope’s were religious political figures trying to manipulate nobility into doing what “God wants them to do.”
• In actuality they were, waging war against the enemies of the Catholic Church.

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Essential Question: Government

Justify the strengths and weaknesses of ancient government used in Medieval Europe during the time of the Crusades. Did the Pope have too much power?

Answer

Strength - Pope could use manipulation to get his way. “God wants this done”

United under the church

Weaknesses - No strategic plan

Was their religious purpose behind the crusades or not?

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Lesson 3: Conflict

Causes of the Crusades

• European princes used success in warfare as a way to gain power and land
• Merchants would finance the crusades in hopes of opening rich trade routes with Asia.

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Seljuk Turks took control of Palestine, which made Christian pilgrimages nearly impossible

Seljuk Turks attacked the Byzantine Empire, which caused the Byzantine emperor to ask Pope Urban II for help.

Pope’s Call

“God Wills IT” is the statement used by Pope Urban II, to get the nights of Europe to go to the Middle East and take back the Holy land

“God Wills IT” is the statement used by Pope Urban II, to get the knights of Europe to go to the Middle East and take back the Holy land.

Killing Enemies in the name of the Church would absolve them of their sins and send them to heaven.

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1st, 4 Crusades arthe most important Crusades

Major Crusades = 9

1st, four Crusades are arguably the most important Crusades

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1st Crusade

-In 1099 Christian forces captured Jerusalem

-Divided the land into four Crusader states: Edessa, Antioch, Tripoli, and Jerusalem

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Second crusade started after Muslim Turks recaptured Edessa.

Muslim forces defeated a weakened Crusader force at Damascus due to a tough journey to the Holy Land.

Christians kept control of the other states due to disagreements between the Muslim leadership.

Muslim victory

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• Salah-al-Din, a Muslim political and military leader comes to power in the late 1100s.
• Salah-al-Din was known as Saladin to the Europeans.
• Saladin rose to power quickly in Egypt, and later in Syria.
• well-known as an intelligent, no-nonsense leader
• Saladin takes Jerusalem and the pope calls for another Crusade.

3rd Crusade

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Saladin

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Richard the Lionhearted

VS

• The Third Crusade was led by some of Europe’s most powerful leaders.
• King Richard the Lionhearted of England, became the Crusader leader.
• Could not retake Jerusalem and agreed to a truce with Saladin.
• Allowed for Christian Pilgrimages to the Holy Land

4th Crusade

• Truce did not last
• Italian traders transported the Crusaders
• Crusaders agreed to attack the Byzantine city of Zara (Christian City) to pay the Italians.
• Then sacked Constantinople
• Split between two Christian religions became permanent

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Summary of the Crusades 1-3

The Reconquista

• Reconquista - Event in which Christian armies drove out Muslim rulers in Spain.
• Spanish and Portuguese kingdoms rose to defeat the Muslim forces.
• In 1400s King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella unified Spain through military and religious authority.
• church officials used a court to punish people opposed to Church teachings.
• Court was used throughout Europe, and was known as the Inquisition.
• Many Jews and Muslims were tortured or executed in Spain and Portugal.
• Reconquista was completed in 1492 when the last Muslim rulers and their followers were forced out of Spain and Portugal.

Effects of the Crusades

Crusaders brought back Asian goods, resulting in increased trade. Extension of the Silk Roads to Europe

Increased trade across the Mediterranean helped European towns to grow and made the roll of Urban merchants more important.

More and more Christians saw all non-Christians as the enemy

Also brought Christian hostility to the Jews.

During the Crusades the European Jews were either massacred or expelled from European countries.

Muslims allowed Jews and Christians to live in peace

Crusaders who stayed in Palestine came to respect the Muslims.

Conflict Essential Question

Describe one situation in which ideological differences promoted conflict between civilizations?

• Support your answer with 2 specific examples.

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Crusades

Turks would not allow Christian pilgrimages

“God wills it,” Pope Urban II urges nobles and knights to raise arms against the Muslims to take back the Holy Land.

Seljuk Turks attack Christian cities in the Byzantine empire.

Reconquista

Christians looked at everyone who wasn’t Christian as the enemy.

Spanish and Portuguese Kingdoms pushed out the Muslim population in Spain and Portugal.

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Lesson: 4 Trade

The Silk Road

• Crusaders returning to Europe brought with them silks and spices from Asia.
• Created a want of Asian goods in Europe.
• Extends the Silk Roads into Europe.
• Extension of the Silk Roads also brought the plague to Europe.

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Muslim Influences on Christian Europe

Ideas lost to the Europeans after the fall of the Roman Empire, were reintroduced by the Muslims during the time of the Crusades and brought back to Europe along the trade routes.

These ideas helped Europe emerge from the Dark Ages, and start a rebirth of knowledge know as the Renaissance.

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Crusaders returning to Europe brought with them silks and spices from Asia.

Created a want of Asian goods in Europe.

Extends the Silk Roads into Europe.

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The Plague

• Bubonic plague - plague that struck Eurasia in the mid-1300s.
• victims experienced severe chills, fever, convulsions, and vomiting.
• Also developed dark spots on their skin and swollen glands.
• A person infected with the plague died within a few days.
• Also known as the Black Death.
• Beginnings of the plague

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The Plague

Traveled along the Silk Road Trade routes into Europe from Asia, on the fleas of rats.

The plague killed tens of millions of people in Europe, North Africa, and western Asia. About 1/3 of the population of Europe died.

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Impact of the plague

Christians often saw the plague as a punishment for sin.

Muslims saw the plague as testing their faith in God.

plague killed 20 to 30 million by 1400

For a short time wars stopped and trade declined.

Landowners were ruined by a shortage of labor.

Due to this, people who could work could demand more pay for their help.

Shortage of labor and wage increases weakened feudalism. (people started migrating in search of higher wages)

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Hostility toward Jews that developed during the crusades continued during the bubonic plague.

often accused of causing the plague by poisoning water wells

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Emergence of Nations and the Death of Feudalism

The Growth of towns along with the Nobles going to fight the Crusades greatly weakened the manor system and the crusades.

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Death of Feudalism

Monarchy not relying as much on nobility for money.

Emergence of the Merchant Class and their wealth.

Shortage of serfs/workers/

Plague

The Growth of towns

Emergence of Nations beginnings of the Renaissance

Essential Question: Trade

Describe one benefit and one consequence of trade that Europeans experienced during the Crusades era.

Benefits

New goods flood the European market

Ideas rediscovered by the Europeans are brought back to Europe by the Silk Roads

Consequences

Brought the plague to Europe