Operations systems� �Operation​ systems types

PLAN

1. Multiprocessor operating systems
2. Multilevel systems
3. Mainframes operational systems
4. Server operational systems
5. Client -server model
6. Personal computers operational systems
7. Virtual operating system

​

Multiprocessor operational systems

• Multiprocessing ( Russian) Multiprotsessornost, Mnogoprotsessornaya obrabotka, visual . Multiprocessing ) is​ one computer in the system two or from it more than physicist from processors use understood .
• Operation system or program tasks one how many processors between distribute can If it is , it is called multiprocessor .

Multiprocessor operating systems

• Phones , tablets , laptops and most personal computers one to the processor has .
• Work stations and servers sometimes one main on the board two or from it more than processors with provided will be .
• One in the system one how many processors placement main on the board many changes requires input .

Multiprocessor operating systems

Multiprocessor processing to give

• Multiprocessor processing is called multiprocessing . Multiprocessing allows all resources to be used management algorithms to complicate take Multiprocessing support features were initially introduced into the OS in Solaris 2.x, Open Server 3.x, OS/2 , Windows NT , and It was available in NetWare 4.1 OS.
• Multiprocessor OS with multiprocessor architecture calculation in the system process organization to be completed according to classification possible : asymmetrical OT and symmetrical OT . Asymmetric The OS system only one on the processor works and program tasks remaining to processors Symmetric OS is decentralized and fully utilizes processors , system and program tasks between separates .

Multiprocessor processing to give

multiprocessor computers must additionally provide the following:

• all processors are busy;
• uniform distribution of processes in the system ;
• synchronization of execution of
• processes operate with consistent copies of data stored in shared memory;
• An exception is provided

Multi-branch support

• Multi -branched support . Operation systems important from the characteristics one is this one task within calculations parallelization is the ability to solve problems . many to the branches OS processor in the partition time issues between not , maybe their separately branches between ( threads ) distributes .

Multilevel systems

• The OS is organized as a hierarchy of levels with well-defined relationships between them . In this case, objects at level N can only call objects at level N-1. In such systems, the lower level is usually the hardware, and the upper level is the user interface. The lower the level, the more privileged commands and operations a module at that level can execute.
• are formed by groups of OS functions - file system, process and device management, etc. Each layer can only communicate with its immediate neighbor. Applications or OS modules can pass requests up and down these layers .
• This approach was first used in 1968 by Dijkstra and his students in creating the THE (Technishe Hogeschool Eindhoven) system .

Multilevel systems

Mainframes operational systems

• A mainframe is a large, general-purpose high-performance server with significant input/output resources, large amounts of RAM, and external storage, designed for use in mission-critical systems with intensive packet and transaction processing .

Server operational systems

• Server OS can be installed on very powerful personal computers, workstations, or even general-purpose machines. They serve many users simultaneously across a network, providing them with shared access to hardware and software resources.
• Servers can provide printing, file storage, or web services. Internet service providers typically use multiple server machines to serve customers simultaneously. When serving websites, servers store web pages and process incoming requests. Typical server operating systems include Solaris, FreeBSD, Linux, and Windows Server 201x.

The difference between server operating systems and regular operating systems

• A standard OS provides the functionality of MS Office applications and many other programs used for daily work . A standard OS is responsible for connecting the computer user to the local and Internet networks and other wireless communication channels (Bluetooth, Wi-Fi) via protocols . They are much cheaper than
• Server OS uses more memory for computing and also they are used for web server , server applications, email server and corporate IT system . It is used as a server for many other applications that are needed for . A server OS can connect not just one, but many users to a local network and the Internet, like a regular OS .
• Microsoft company: Microsoft Windows Server
• Based on the Linux kernel: Red Hat Enterprise Linux, Ubuntu Server and CentOS
• Apple : macOS Server
• latest versions of Windows Server 2019 and 2022 have created a hybrid computing environment with the ability to work

Client-server model

• Client-server is a relationship in which one client application requests a service or resource from another application on the server .
• Client-server model The term was introduced at the beginning of the last century to distinguish distributed computing on personal computers from the monolithic model of centralized computing used by mainframes .
• Today , computer transactions in which a server executes a request from a client are very common, and the client-server model has become one of the central ideas of network computing. A client establishes a connection to a server over a local area network (LAN) or wide area network (WAN), and once the server has fulfilled the client's request, the connection is terminated. Since multiple client programs share the services of the same server program, a special server, called a daemon, can be activated to listen for client requests .

Personal computer operating systems

• Top ten operating systems created for personal computers :

1. Windows , $ 199 ( Home ) , ~ $ 289 ( Pro ), kernel: Windows

2. Ubuntu , free, kernel: Linux

3. macOS , free with Apple devices, kernel: XNU

4. Fedora , free, kernel: Linux

5. Solaris , free, kernel: Unix

6. Free BSD , free, kernel: Unix

7. Chrome OS , free , kernel: Linux

8. CentOS , free , kernel : Linux

9. Debian , free, kernel : Linux or Hurd .

10. Deepin , free , kernel: Linux

Virtual operating system

• Virtual machines are special programs ( VirtualBox , A virtual machine is an artificially created virtual machine ( VMware, Hyper-V) . A virtual machine has its own RAM, hard disk, and processor. It will be . installed computer internal memory that uses some of its resources (RAM, processor, and hard disk) computer is considered .
• Virtual operating system – this is the OS installed in a virtual machine. You can install any OS on a virtual machine that you can install on your computer and that is supported by the software used for virtualization . Such as VirtualBox , VMware virtualizer programs Windows , Linux, macOS, FreeBSD Installing OSes​ opportunity gives .

Virtual operating system

• 3 reasons to install a virtual OS:

1. protection against suspicious files and malware;

2. Whonix Horse Installation;

3. learning to work with multiple OSes.

Whonix – virtual operating system

• Whonix is an anonymous and security- focused Linux- based operating system. It is designed to hide the user's IP address/location and uses the Tor network to anonymize data traffic.
• This means that the access server and Tor network operators cannot easily determine which sites are being visited or the user's physical location .

​

Literature

1. Modern Operating Systems (4th Edition) 4th Edition - Andrew S. Tanenbaum, Herbert Bos - Pearson April 2014 - 1136 pages.
2. Operating System Concepts, Binder Ready Version 9th Edition - Abraham Silberschatz , Peter B. Galvin, Greg Gagne - Wiley January 2013 - 919 pages.
3. Einar Krogh. An Introduction Windows Operating System. 2nd edition, 2017 – 137 pages.
4. Linux with Operating System Concepts - Richard Fox - CRC Press 2015 - 688 pages.

​