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Dislocations

Dislocations occur when the ends of bones displaced from a joint or moved out of normal joint positioning it is commonly associated with a tearing of or stretching of ligaments, muscles and other soft tissue.

Deformity, limited or loss of motion, pain, tenderness, swelling and discoloration with the addition of shortening or lengthening of the affected arm or leg
Same, but with a stress on limiting movement and immobilizing the injury

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Sprains

Sprains occur when tissues surrounding the joint is forced beyond the range of normal movement

Deformity, limited or loss of motion, pain, tenderness, swelling and discoloration but with addition of impaired motion
First aid includes application of cold to decrease swelling and pain, elevation, rest and elastic bandages for support. If there is severe swelling or possible fractures seek medical help.

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Strains

Strains are an overstretching of a muscle usually caused by overexertion or lifting.

Signs and symptoms include sudden pain, swelling and/or bruising.
Treatments include resting the affected area by providing support, bedrest for a back strain, cold applications for swelling at first, warm and wet applications later, medical help for severe strains

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Splints & Slings pt 1

Splints are devices that can be used to immobilize injured parts when fractures, dislocations, and other similar injuries are present or suspected

Wear gloves while controlling bleeding to avoid contamination
Apply splint in a way that does not put pressure on wound and leave dressing in place

Loosen ties holding splint if impaired circulation or neurological status is present

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Splints & Slings pt 2

If at all possible, avoid movement of of victim with head, neck, or spinal injury
Many victims with injuries to bones and/or joints also experience shock. Treat as needed by encouraging them to relax, position them as comfortably as possible, and constantly reassuring them

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Procedures pt. 1

Check the scene and move patient if necessary
Avoid moving patient if they suffer from back or neck injury

Check victim for consciousness or breathing
Call emergency medical services if necessary
Control severe bleeding. If an open wound accompanies a fracture, DONT push broken bone ends into wound

Immobilize the injured part of the body

Do NOT attempt to straighten a deformity

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Procedures pt. 2

4. To apply splints:

Obtain commercial splints or improvise splints by using blankets or pillows
Make sure the splints are the correct size for victim
Position the splint making sure they do not apply pressure directly at the site of injury
Use thick dressings to pad the splints, make sure bony areas are protected
Avoid unnecessary movement

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Procedures pt.3

5. To apply air splints:

Obtain the correct splint
Put on the splint correctly considering the proper applications such as a zipper of just slipping it on
Inflate the splint
Make sure it isn’t OVER INFLATED

6. To apply a sling, simply follow the directions according to that specific sling

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Procedures pt.4

6. If victim has a nosebleed: put them in a seated position with head tilted forward, apply pressure for 5+ minutes, insert gauze into bleeding nostril if pressure is ineffective, apply cold compress to nose bridge, and get medical help if bleeding does not stop, fracture is detected, or victim has repeated nosebleeds.

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Procedures pt.5

7. If victim has a chest injury: if it is a sucking chest wound- apply non porous dressing + create an airtight seal with plastic/aluminum + use bandage to hold in place, maintain an open airway, position victim with injured side down, slightly elevate head and chest, and do not attempt to remove objects protruding from chest

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Procedures pt. 6

8. If victim has an abdominal injury: place victim flat on their back with knees flexed and head elevated, do not attempt to reposition any visible/protruding organs, use sterile, saline-moistened dressing to cover the area, and do not give victim fluid/food

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Procedures pt.7

9. If the victim has an injury to the genital organs: apply direct pressure to stop bleeding, position victim flat on their back with legs open, preserve any torn off tissue by putting it in a sterile liquid or material and on ice, and apply cold compress to the area.

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Procedures pt. 8

10. Be alert for signs of shock and treat shock immediately.

11. Remain calm and encourage the victim to stay calm. Reassure the victim.

12. Obtain medical help as quickly as possible.

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15.3/15.12

By: Layla, John, Jen, Mallorie

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15.3-15.12 Bandages for Bleeding Wounds

Vocab: Wounds- injury to soft tissue. Classified as open or closed. Open= break in skin/mucous membrane. Types are abrasions, incisions, lacerations, punctured, avulsions, amputations. Closed= no break, but injury to underlying tissue. Wounds result in bleeding, infection, or tetanus. The first aid is directed towards controlling bleeding.

Abrasions- skin scraped off, bleeding limited

Incision- cut caused by sharp object. Edges of wound are smooth and regular. If deep, heavy bleeding and damage to muscle nerves and other tissue.

Laceration- tearing of tissue with excessive force. Have irregular edges and bleeding may be heavy.

Puncture- Sharp object such as pin, nail, or pointed object. External bleeding is limited but internal bleeding can occur.

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Vocab Continued...

Avulsion: tissue is torn or separated from a patient’s body,usually consists of heavy bleeding

Amputation: when a body part is cut off and separated from the body. Bleeding can be really extensive. If good care is taken of the amputated limb, reattachment may be achievable

Infection: can develop in any wound, signs include redness, heat, swelling, pain and fever.

Dressing: Sterile covering placed over a wound. Used to absorb blood and secretion

Bandages: used to hold dressings in place, secure splints, and support body parts

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15.3-15.12 Bandage/Wrapping Procedures

Procedures for Minor Wounds:

Wash Hands and put on gloves
Use sterile gauze,soap, and water to wash wound; while starting in the middle of wound and moving outward
Dry wound and apply a sterile dressing
After cleaning, make sure to look for any signs of infection
When complete, removes gloves, and wash hands thoroughly

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15.3-15.12 Procedures continued

Wrapping for ankles:

Using a roller gauze or elastic bandage, position a dressing over the wound and anchor the dressing at the instep of the foot.
Continue to wrap bandage in circular motions twice and then wrap diagonally around foot over the top and bottom of foot. Then wrap around ankle to finish.
After completion of wrap, secure bandage in place by taping, pinning, or tyning ends.

Wrapping for fingers:

Place bandage at the bottom of finger, then wrap around the edge of the nail, to the opposite end of the finger.
Then using a spiral motion, wrap around the finger and complete wrap by wrapping around wrist and tie to secure.

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15.12 Bandage/Wrapping Procedures

Procedures for head injuries

Assemble equipment
Wash hands and wear gloves if there is a chance of contact with blood or body fluids
To apply dressing to wound: Have correct size dressing (1 inch larger than wound), Open the sterile packaging with care, Pinch to pick up dressing so you don’t contaminate it, Place dressing on wound (don’t slide it on), secure dressing with tape or bandage wraps

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15.12 Procedures Continue

Procedures include

Apply a triangular bandage/roller gauze to the head or scalp and fold a 2-inch hem on the base of triangle bandage or nothing at all if using a gauze
Position it over the wound, keeping the hem on outside bring it down over the back of the head
Bring two ends of the base of the bandage to the front of the head and over the ears
Tie a knot on the front and can secure it by using tape or a pin

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Shock: hypoperfusion

Definition: A clinical set of signs and symptoms associated with an inadequate supply of blood to body organs, especially the brain and heart.

Types of Shock:
Anaphylactic: allergic reaction, drop in blood pressure bc of vasodilation
Septic: Acute infection, poisons cause vasodilation, less oxygen to cells
Cardiogenic: damage to heart muscle, heart can’t pump blood effectively
Treatment Options:
Raise feet, keep patient lying on their back
Cover patient with blankets
Avoid giving the patient something to drink

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Procedure:

Follow step of priority care
Obtain medical help ASAP for victim
Observe victim for any signs of shock (call or send someone)
Try to reduce the effects or eliminate the causes of shock
Position victim based on the injuries or illness present
Place enough blankets or coverings on the victim to prevent chilling
Do not give the victim anything to eat or drink
Give the victim constant reassurance
Observe and provide care to the until medical help is obtained
Replace all equipment used. Wash hands

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15:10 Providing First Aid For Specific Injuries

Eye Injuries

Most of the time these injuries don’t require major treatment
If small participles don’t rub eyes and try to rise out with water and tears
If embedded in the tissue do not remove object and dress in sterile dressing. Get to specialist

Ear Injuries

Most injuries include ruptured eardrum
Let fluid flow out but dress in a sterile dressing
Keep any pieces of tissue and flush with saline if possible for when the patient arrives at the hospital

Head of Skull Injures

Look for signs of brain and spinal injury (pupils unequal, nausea, loss of consciousness, etc.)
Don’t attempt to stop any flow of fluids
Don’t give victim liquids
Note length of unconsciousness and report to emergency personnel

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15:10 Part 2

Nose Injuries

Injuries to nose mainly cause nosebleeds (altitude, strenuous activity, high blood pressure, rupture of small blood vessels) apply pressure to control bleeding.

Chest Injuries

Usually medical emergencies. Sucking chest wounds, Penetrating injuries, Crushing chest injuries.

Abdominal Injuries

Can damage internal organs and bleeding to major blood vessels, medical assistance must be obtained immediately.

Genital Organ injury

Injury can result from falls, bows, or explosions. Bruising of genitals will need first aid. (Shock, saving tissue, ice)

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15-11 Providing First Aid to Sudden Illnesses

Heart Attack

AKA- Coronary thrombosis, Coronary occlusion, myocardial infarction
Occurs when one of the coronary arteries is blocked
Victim may die
Symptoms: painful pressure on sternum and pain in neck, arms and jaw. May feel weak and vomit
Signs: shortness of breath and skin is pale and blue
First Aid: Encourage victim to relax. Put victim in a comfortable position. Be ready to provide treatment for shock.

Cerebrovascular Accident AKA Stroke

AKA Apoplexy or cerebral thrombosis
Caused by presence of a clot in a cerebral artery
Signs and Symptoms: They vary. Include: Numbness, paralysis, eye pupils are unequal sizes, slurred speech, nausea, difficulty breathing and swallowing
First Aid: Maintain respirations. Lay flat and elevate head. Get care in first three hours.

Fainting

Caused by temporary reduction in supply of blood to the brain.
Results in partial or complete loss of consciousness. Victim can regain consciousness after lying down.
Early Signs and Symptoms: dizziness, extreme pallor, diaphoresis, coldness of skin, nausea
Prevent injury and keep victim in supine position

Convulsion

Type of seizure
Definition: Strong, involuntary contraction of muscles
May occur with high body temperature, head injuries, brain disease and brain damage
What happens: Ridgity of body muscles and jerky movements. Victim may stop breathing, bite tongue, lose bladder and injure body parts
After: Person may be confused and disoriented
First Aid: Prevent self injury. Remove dangerous objects from the area, provide a pillow for under the patients head
Do Not: place anything between the person’s teeth, use force to try and stop them
Put victim on their side

Diabetic Reactions

Diabetes Melli this is a metabolic disorder
Cause: Lack or insufficient production of insulin(helps body transport glucose)
Diabetic Coma: Increase in level of glucose
Signs and Symptoms: Confusion, weakness, dizziness, nausea
Insulin Shock: Excess amount of insulin(low glucose)
Signs and Symptoms: muscle weakness, mental confusion, anxiety, pale, moist skin, palpitations

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15-11 Providing First Aid to Sudden Illnesses

Fainting

Caused by temporary reduction in supply of blood to the brain.
Results in partial or complete loss of consciousness. Victim can regain consciousness after lying down.
Early Signs and Symptoms: dizziness, extreme pallor, diaphoresis, coldness of skin, nausea
Prevent injury and keep victim in supine position

Convulsion

Type of seizure
Definition: Strong, involuntary contraction of muscles
May occur with high body temperature, head injuries, brain disease and brain damage
What happens: Ridgity of body muscles and jerky movements. Victim may stop breathing, bite tongue, lose bladder and injure body parts
After: Person may be confused and disoriented
First Aid: Prevent self injury. Remove dangerous objects from the area, provide a pillow for under the patients head
Do Not: place anything between the person’s teeth, use force to try and stop them
Put victim on their side

Diabetic Reactions

Diabetes Melli this is a metabolic disorder
Cause: Lack or insufficient production of insulin(helps body transport glucose)
Diabetic Coma: Increase in level of glucose
Signs and Symptoms: Confusion, weakness, dizziness, nausea
Insulin Shock: Excess amount of insulin(low glucose)
Signs and Symptoms: muscle weakness, mental confusion, anxiety, pale, moist skin, palpitations

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15-11 Providing First Aid to Sudden Illnesses

Diabetic Reactions

Diabetes Melli this is a metabolic disorder
Cause: Lack or insufficient production of insulin(helps body transport glucose)
Diabetic Coma: Increase in level of glucose
Signs and Symptoms: Confusion, weakness, dizziness, nausea
Insulin Shock: Excess amount of insulin(low glucose)
Signs and Symptoms: muscle weakness, mental confusion, anxiety, pale, moist skin, palpitations

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15:11 (Providing First Aid for Sudden illness) Procedures

Equipment and supplies that might be needed:

Blankets, pillows, sugar, clean cloth, cool water, and disposable gloves

Closely observe the victim for specific signs and symptoms
If you suspect the victim is having a heart attack: place victim in a comfortable position, obtain medical help, encourage victim to relax, watch for signs of shock
If you suspect the victim is having a stroke: place victim in comfortable position, reassure the victim, avoid giving victim any fluid or food by mouth, call EMS
If the victim has fainted: keep victim in supine position (raise the legs 12 inches), check breathing, loosen tight clothing, cool water, if victim doesn’t recover quickly obtain medical care
If the victim is having a convulsion: remove any dangerous objects from the area, place soft material under victim’s head, observe respirations, don’t attempt to restrain the muscle contractions, note how long the convulsions last to inform to EMS
If victim is in a Diabetic coma: place victim in comfortable position, check respirations, call EMS
If victim is in Insulin shock: if victim is conscious offer a drink containing sugar, if unconscious place sugar under victim’s tongue, place victim in comfortable position, if victim doesn’t recover obtain medical help

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15.7- Heat Exposure Vocabulary

Heat cramps: caused by exposure to heat; these are muscle pains and spasms that result in water and salt loss. TX includes firm pressure for aid to discomfort, moving to a cool area, and drinking water and electrolytes

Heat Exhaustion: when exposed to heat, and you experience fluid loss. Symptoms and signs include pale clammy skin, perspiration, fatigue, headache, and vomiting. TX includes remove excess clothing, apply cool cloth, lay down, and drink water

Heat stroke: prolonged exposure to high temp. and your body cannot eliminate the excess heat, and your internal temperature rises above 104 degrees. TX is cooling your body down however possible, such as ice packs, shade, and obtaining medical help.

After somebody recovers from heat exposed incidents, you should expect abnormally warm body temperature, drink lots of water, & eat a sufficient salt intake.

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15.7 - Providing First Aid for Heat Exposure

HEAT CRAMPS: apply firm pressure to the cramped muscles to relieve spasms, encourage the victim to move to a cool area, give 4 oz of cool water every 15 mins. If alert + conscious. If cramps continue then obtain medical help
HEAT EXHAUSTION: move victim to a cool area, lay them on their back, and elevate their feet 12 in. loosen tight clothing + apply cool, wet cloths to their face. Give 4 oz of cool water every 15 min. Discontinue water if patient vomits or is nauseous + obtain medical help
HEAT STROKE: Move victim to a cool area, remove excessive clothing, + sponge skin with cool water or place cold packs on their wrists, ankles, + in groin and axillary areas. You can also place them in a tub of cool water to lower body temp. Lay victim on their side if vomiting occurs + watch for signs of breathing difficulty. Obtain medical help immediately as this condition is life threatening

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15.8- Cold Exposure

Hypothermia: Condition in which the body temperature is less than 95 degrees fahrenheit, which is below normal.

Sx: Shivering, numbness, weakness or drowsiness, confusion, poor coordination, and low body temperature

Frostbite: Actual freezing of tissue fluids accompanied by damage to the skin and underlying tissues.

Sx: Initial - redness and tingling
Sx: Progressed - pale, glossy skin, white in color, blisters, numbness, and pain that gradually subsides

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Cold Exposure: Tx

Observe the Pt closely- note signs & Sx of cold exposure
Move Pt to a warm area ASAP, immediately remove wet or frozen clothing, and loosen or remove tight clothing that decreases circulation
Slowly rewarm the Pt wrapping in warm clothing/blankets.

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Cold Exposure: Frostbite-specific Tx

Immerse any affected body parts in warm water (100-104°F).
After affected area is thawed and skin is flushed, stop warming and gently blot dry.
Wrap area with clean or sterile cloths- use sterile gauze to separate fingers/toes.
Help victim lay down, elevating any injured areas.
Watch for signs of shock- treat as soon as signs/Sx develop
If victims is fully conscious and not nauseous/vomiting- give warm liquids to drink.

Liquids should be non-alcoholic and non-caffeinated. Warm broth, water, or milk are best.

Obtain medical treatment ASAP

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15:5 First Aid For Poisoning

Check scene, only move patient if necessary
Check consciousness and breathing
Call 911
Provide necessary care to victim
Control any severe bleeding
Check for signs of poisoning (burns on face and/or mouth, odor, etc.)
If victim is conscious, not convulsing and has swallowed poison: try to determine type of poison and amount ingested, call poison control center (PCC) and follow instructions provided

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First Aid for Poison

When on the phone with PCC and they say to induce then INDUCE vomiting

If the person is unconscious then DO NOT induce vomiting, lay them on their side

Make sure the person is breathing if not, give artificial breathing
Call PCC for treatment or a physician

Try to save the vomit in a container

If chemical or poison get on persons skin, rinse ASAP with large amounts of water

If it is on their clothes then removing the clothing

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Poisonous Plants (Poison Ivy, Poison Oak, and Sumac)

Wash area thoroughly with soap and water
Remove contaminated clothing
Rash - Use lotions (Calamine)

Poisonous Gas

*Always take deep breath of fresh air before entering area and hold it*

Check for breathing and provide artificial respirations if needed

Snake Bites and Stings

Insect Stings: Remove stinger (or whole insect if applicable), wash the area, apply dressing, and apply ice
Snake bites: Immobilize area and place below the heart. Monitor patient until further help arrives

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FIrst Aid for Poison

Step 10; Observe for signs of anaphylactic shock while treating any poisoning victim. Treat for shock as necessary

Step 11; Remain calm while treating the victim. Make sure to reassure the victim

Step 12; Always obtain medical help for poisoning victim, some poisons may have delayed reactions. ALways keep the number for PCC and other medical assistances around.

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15:6 First aid for Burns

Abby Fraser, Hayley Thompson, Maddie Kuhn, and Olivia Powers

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15:6 Providing first aid for Burns

Types of Burns

First degree

Superficial
Burns only epidermis
Permanent scarring is rare

Second degree

Partial or total burning through second layer of skin (epidermis and dermis burned)
Takes weeks to heal and permanent scarring
Wide range of severity

Third degree

All layers and underlying tissue
White and charred appearance
Can be life threatening (fluid loss, infection, shock)

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15:6 Providing First-Aid for Burns Continued

Treatments

First Degree and Second Degree

Remove source of heat
Cool skin (i.e flush with cool water)
Cover burn with sterile dressing
Relieve pain
Treat for shock and prevent infections

Second and Third Degree

Call medical help immediately
Use sterile dressing to cover burn
Do not remove any clothing stuck to burn
Elevate affected body part
Check for shock https://youtu.be/5LOG7-2bNhQ