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IPGO+DNSGO

2025.04.25 | HK APIGA

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How the Internet works…

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IP Addresses (IP)

Domain Names (DNS)

User Datagram Protocol (UDP) / Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

Browser (URL Bar) / Email Client (Email Address @domain.part)

TCP/IP

www.ajitora.asia

you@apiga.asia

me@ajitora.asia

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How the Internet Works

Users

Internet Servers

Internet Servers

Internet

www.xyz.com

104.27.160.49

ICANN: Internet Corporation for Assigned Names & Numbers

www.netmission.asia

Names (domain names)

Numbers (IP Address)

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3. IP Addresses

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

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RIR system

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  1. Operators request IP addresses according to their needs.

​

  • Operators receive an allocation of IP addresses according to the size of their networks.

​

  • Each operator assigns IP addresses to their subscribed devices…

​

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IP Addresses

  • IPv4: 102.34.5.6
  • IPv6: 2345:0425:2CA1:0000:0000:0567:5673:23b5

Decimal

Hexa-Decimal

Binary

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4. Routing Tables

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

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10

128-135

216-223

200-207

232-239

224-231

144-159

184-191

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11

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Let’s build the Internet!

12

​

​

Circle

[00]

​

​

Hexagon

[08]

​

​

Square

[36]

​

​

Triangle

[32]

​

​

Star

[60]

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14 of 56

6. Sending Packets

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

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Let’s send a packet!

15

​

​

Circle

[00]

​

​

Hexagon

[08]

​

​

Square

[36]

​

​

Triangle

[32]

​

​

Star

[60]

user@yigf.asia

02

user@yigf.asia

63

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Let’s send a packet!

16

​

​

Circle

[00]

​

​

Hexagon

[08]

​

​

Square

[36]

​

​

Triangle

[32]

​

​

Star

[60]

user@yigf.asia

02

user@yigf.asia

63

Peering

Peering

Paid

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DNSGO

Distributed Resolution Path

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How the Internet Works

Users

Internet Servers

Internet Servers

Internet

www.xyz.com

104.27.160.49

ICANN: Internet Corporation for Assigned Names & Numbers

www.netmission.asia

Names (domain names)

Numbers (IP Address)

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.ASIA in the Global DNS

ccTLD: Country-Code

Top-Level Domains

gTLD: Generic TLD

Root “.” (ICANN)

…

…

.cn

.jp

.kr

.uk

.tv

.com

.asia

.info

…

…

domain.asia

www.domain.asia

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The Syntax of Domain Names & URLs

www.netmission

with.love.from

https://www.registry

kisa

ftp://naver.co

mailto:inbox@ABCs

家政网

.asia

.asia

.asia/policy/document.html

.kr

.kr/user

.kids

.网站

Top Level Domain

(TLD)

2nd Level Domain

(2LD)

……5th.4th.3rd Level

Domains

.

.

Uniform Resource

Locator (URL)

2nd Level Domain

Registry (.co.kr)

protocol://domain-host/path

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User

ISP

(DNS)

Rootservers.

<cache>…

Root “.”

198.41.0.03

Where is

www.netmission.asia?

?

.asia

.com

.hk

.org …

[63]

Resolver:�[61]

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DNS Query

  • Query:
  • Where is: www.netmission.asia

​

  • Response (From Root):
  • I don’t know
    • Resolver, please ask the Root
    • The Root “.” is at: 03

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DNS Query

  • Query:
  • Where is: www.netmission.asia

​

  • Response (From Root):
  • I don’t know
  • But .asia is at: 10

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User

ISP

(DNS)

Rootservers.

<cache>…

abc.asia

dot.asia

netmission.asia

…

Root “.”

198.41.0.4 [ 03 ]

TLD “.asia”

199.19.55.[ 10 ]

Where is

www.netmission.asia?

I don’t know! But

“.asia” is at “199.19.55.1”

?

?

.asia

.com

.hk

.org …

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DNS Query

  • Query:
  • Where is: www.netmission.asia

​

  • Response (From .asia Top Level Domain “TLD”):
  • I don’t know
  • But netmission.asia is at: 47

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User

ISP

(DNS)

Rootservers.

<cache>…

abc.asia

dot.asia

netmission.asia

…

www.

mail.

ftp.

…

Root “.”

198.41.0.[ 03 ]

TLD “.asia”

199.19.55.[ 10 ]

netmission.asia

173.245.58. [ 47 ]

Where is

www.netmission.asia?

I don’t know! But

“.asia” is at “199.19.55.10”

I don’t know! But

“netmission.asia” is at “173.245.58.47”

?

?

?

.asia

.com

.hk

.org …

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DNS Query

  • Query:
  • Where is: www.netmission.asia

​

  • Response (From netmission.asia Name Server):
  • www.netmission.asia is at: 49

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User

ISP

(DNS)

Rootservers.

<cache>…

abc.asia

dot.asia

netmission.asia

…

www.

mail.

ftp.

…

Root “.”

198.41.0.[ 03 ]

TLD “.asia”

199.19.55.[ 10 ]

netmission.asia

173.245.58.[ 47 ]

www.netmission.asia

104.27.160.[ 49 ]

Where is

www.netmission.asia?

I don’t know! But

“.asia” is at “199.19.55.1”

I don’t know! But

“netmission.asia” is at “173.245.58.120”

?

?

?

“www.netmission.asia” is at “104.27.160.57”

.asia

.com

.hk

.org …

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Man in the Middle Attack

DNS Poisoning

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User

ISP

(DNS)

Rootservers.

<cache>…

Root “.”

198.41.0.03

Where is

www.netmission.asia?

?

.asia

.com

.hk

.org …

[63]

Resolver:�[61]

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DNS Query

  • Query:
  • Where is: www.netmission.asia

​

  • Response (From netmission.asia Name Server):
  • .asia is at: 10

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User

ISP

(DNS)

Rootservers.

<cache>…

abc.asia

dot.asia

netmission.asia

…

www.

mail.

ftp.

…

Root “.”

198.41.0.[ 03 ]

TLD “.asia”

199.19.55.[ 10 ]

netmission.asia

173.245.58.[ 47 ]

www.netmission.asia

104.27.160.[ 49 ]

Where is

www.netmission.asia?

I don’t know! But

“.asia” is at “199.19.55.1”

I don’t know! But

“netmission.asia” is at “173.245.58.120”

?

?

?

“www.netmission.asia” is at “104.27.160.57”

.asia

.com

.hk

.org …

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DNS Query

  • Query:
  • Where is: www.netmission.asia

​

  • Response (From Root):
  • I don’t know
  • But .asia is at:

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Man in the Middle Attack (DNS Poisoning)�

User

ISP

(DNS)

Root “.”

198.41.0.4

TLD “.asia”

199.19.55.1

Where is

www.netmission.asia?

I don’t know! But

“.asia” is at “199.19.55.1”

?

?

netmission.asia

HACKER: 123.45.67.[19]

www.netmission.asia

HACKER 123.45.67.[20]

“www.netmission.asia” is at “104.27.160.xx”

Rootservers.

<cache>…

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DNS Security Extensions (DNSSEC)

  • Signing & Distribution/Depositing of Certificates:
    1. Root 🡪 Internet At Large (ISPs)
    2. TLD (.asia) 🡪 Root
    3. netmission.asia 🡪 .asia TLD
  • Resolution Path:

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User

ISP

(DNS)

Rootservers.

<cache>…

Root “.”

198.41.0.4 (100)

Where is

www.netmission.asia?

?

.asia

.com

.hk

.org …

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DNS Query

  • Query:
  • Where is: www.netmission.asia

​

  • Response (From Root):
  • I don’t know
  • But .asia is at:

​

  • AND here is the Certificate for .asia
  • as received by the Root

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DNS Query

  • Query:
  • Where is: www.netmission.asia

​

  • Response (From .asia Top Level Domain “TLD”):
  • I don’t know
  • But netmission.asia is at:

​

  • AND here is the Certificate for netmission.asia
  • as received by .asia TLD

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DNS Security Extensions (DNSSEC)

  • Signing & Distribution/Depositing of Certificates:
    1. Root 🡪 Internet At Large (ISPs)
    2. TLD (.asia) 🡪 Root
    3. netmission.asia 🡪 .asia TLD
  • Resolution Path:
    • Root 🡪 response + TLD (.asia) Certificate
    • TLD (.asia) 🡪 response + netmission.asia Certificate
  • Verification Logic:
    • ISP already has Root Cert 🡪 Verify response from Root for .asia
    • Uses .asia Cert obtained from Root 🡪 Verify response from .asia TLD for netmission.asia
    • Uses netmission.asia Cert obtained from .asia TLD 🡪 verify response from netmission.asia for www.netmission.asia

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User

ISP

(DNS)

Rootservers.

<cache>…

abc.asia

dot.asia

netmission.asia

…

www.

mail.

ftp.

…

Root “.”

198.41.0.[ 03 ]

TLD “.asia”

199.19.55.[ 10 ]

netmission.asia

173.245.58.[ 47 ]

www.netmission.asia

104.27.160.[ 49 ]

Where is

www.netmission.asia?

I don’t know! But

“.asia” is at “199.19.55.1”

I don’t know! But

“netmission.asia” is at “173.245.58.120”

?

?

?

“www.netmission.asia” is at “104.27.160.57”

.asia

.com

.hk

.org …

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Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers

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Internet Governance (Names/No.)

ICANN: Internet Corporation for Names & Numbers

Names

Numbers

ccTLD

253 country-code

Top Level Domains:

  • .CN – China
  • .JP – Japan
  • .KR – Korea
  • .UK – United Kingdom
  • .US – United States
  • …

gTLD

22 generic TLDs (14 new):

  • .COM .NET .ORG
  • .ARPA .MIL .INT .EDU .GOV
  • 2001 (+7): .INFO .BIZ .AERO .MUSEUM .COOP .NAME .PRO
  • 2004 (+7): .TRAVEL .ASIA .CAT .TRAVEL .TEL .MOBI .POST

Regional Internet Registries

  • APNIC (Asia Pacific)
  • ARIN (North America)
  • LACNIC (Latin America)
  • RIPE (Europe)
  • AFRINIC (Africa)

.ASIA

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​

Local Businesses are Known in their Local Language

Internationalized Domain Names (IDN)

​

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www.domainname

.com

.com

.asia

www.中文域名.asia

中文域名.亞洲

U+4E2D

U+6587

U+57DF

U+540D

U+4E9E

U+6D32

Unicode

ISO10646 Standard

xn--fiq06l2rdsvs

xn--nlq685e

Punycode

IETF IDN Standard

xn--fiq06l2rdsvs.xn--nlq685e

www.

www.

Punycode / IDNA prefix

“xn--”

U-Label

Native Form /

Unicode Label

A-Label

ACE (ASCII

Compatible

Encoding)

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Anatomy of an Email Address

用戶 @ 普遍接受-测试 . 世界

top-level domain

    • ASCII or Unicode (shown as Unicode or Punycode)
    • 2 to 63 characters long
    • From a dynamic authoritative list with over 1,000 choices

​

second-level domain

username

    • ASCII or Unicode (shown �as Unicode or Punycode)
    • Mailbox name
    • ASCII or Unicode (shown as Unicode or Punycode)

user @ domainname . TLD

47

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.Future…

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IDN Variant Policies

  • Simplified and Traditional Chinese
    • Uses Across Chinese / Japanese (Kanji) / Korean (Hanja)

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

  • Homoglyphs / Homographs
    • ехро.ѕрасе 🡪 Cyrillic (Russian characters)
    • expo.space 🡪 Latin (English characters)
    • 1 / I / l and 0 / O

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HOMOGLYPHIC ATTACK

The “e” and “a” are replaced with Cyrillic letters rather than Latin ones.

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Summary of Generation Panel Work

Script

Start

End

Days

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

Arabic

14-Feb-14

18-Nov-15

642

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Armenian

3-Feb-15

5-Nov-15

275

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Bangla

26-May-15

20-May-20

1821

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Chinese

24-Sep-14

26-May-20

2071

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Cyrillic

10-Dec-15

3-Apr-18

845

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Devanagari

26-May-15

22-Apr-19

1427

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Ethiopic

22-Dec-15

17-May-17

512

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Georgian

17-Jun-16

24-Nov-16

160

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Greek

31-Oct-16

15-Jul-21

1718

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Gujarati

26-May-15

6-Mar-19

1380

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Gurmukhi

26-May-15

22-Apr-19

1427

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Hebrew

15-Oct-18

24-Apr-19

191

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Japanese

17-Mar-15

30-Sep-21

2389

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Kannada

26-May-15

6-Mar-19

1380

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Khmer

17-Jun-15

15-Aug-16

425

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Korean

1-Feb-16

1-May-21

1916

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Lao

15-Sep-15

31-Jan-17

504

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Latin

15-May-17

23-Sep-21

1592

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Malayalam

26-May-15

26-Jun-20

1858

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Myanmar

28-Jun-18

ongoing

-

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Oriya

26-May-15

6-Mar-19

1380

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Sinhala

3-Jan-18

22-Apr-19

474

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Tamil

26-May-15

6-Mar-19

1380

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Telugu

26-May-15

7-Jun-19

1473

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Thaana

TBD

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Thai

6-Oct-15

25-May-17

597

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Tibetan

TBD

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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We Live in a Multilingual World!

Language

Native Speakers

Mandarin

1300 million

Spanish

475 million

English

373 million

Arabic

362 million

Hindi

344 million

Bengali

234 million

Portuguese

232 million

Russian

154 million

Japanese

125 million

Source: https://www.babbel.com/en/magazine/the-10-most-spoken-languages-in-the-world

Source: https://w3techs.com/technologies/history_overview/content_language.

Globally, language usage is diverse. English comes third in terms of native speakers around the world, after Mandarin and Spanish. English represents 57% of the total written content online and the percentage is decreasing.

52

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Language Justice 語言公義

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Categories Affected and UA Readiness

  • Domain Names:
    • Newer top-level domain names: example.sky
    • Longer top-level domain names: example.engineering
    • Internationalized Domain Names (IDN): คน.ไทย
  • Internationalized email addresses (EAI):
    • ASCII@ASCII (new and long TLD) ekrem@misal.istanbul
    • ASCII@IDN marc@société.org
    • Unicode@ASCII 测试@example.com
    • Unicode@IDN ईमेल@उदाहरण.भारत
    • Unicode@IDN; right to left scripts ای-میل@ مثال.موقع

​

Accept

Validate

Store

Process

Display

UA-ready

http://soap.organic

http://tokyo.ストア

http://bank.com

Email validated. Account created.

Welcome to organic

SOAP

We make the best soap in �the world. It’s 100% organic.

TOKYO

当社の製品を購入します

Bank

Email

测试@普遍.世界

http://soap.organic

http://tokyo.ストア

http://bank.com

Email

Not a valid �email address.

测试@普遍.世界

Not�ready

X

X

X

Bank

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​

Goal: All valid domain names and email addresses work in all software applications.

​

Impact: Promote consumer choice, enhance trust, improve competition, and provide broader access to end users.

​

​

​

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Every .Asia Domain Contributes to Internet Development in Asia

Thank You! | info@dot.asia